Table 2 Characteristics of study population as weighted counts, and Perinatal Mortality (PM) and Extended Perinatal Mortality (EPM) rates with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) in Nepal (2001–2016), (N = 23,335)
Explanatory Variables | Na | PM Rate (95% CI) | EPM Rate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Community level factor | |||
Types of residence | |||
Urban | 4395 | 31 (28, 33) | 34 (32, 37) |
Rural | 18,940 | 44 (42, 47) | 52 (49, 55) |
Ecological zone | |||
Terai | 12,169 | 42 (40, 45) | 49 (46, 52) |
Hill | 9319 | 38 (35, 40) | 45 (42, 47) |
Mountain | 1847 | 56 (53, 59) | 67 (63, 70) |
Socio-economic factor | |||
Wealth index | |||
Rich | 4946 | 26 (24, 28) | 29 (27, 31) |
Middle | 9644 | 44 (41, 47) | 51 (48, 54) |
Poor | 8745 | 48 (45, 51) | 57 (54, 60) |
Religion | |||
Buddhist | 1601 | 31 (28, 33) | 41 (39, 44) |
Hindu | 19,639 | 42 (40, 45) | 49 (46, 52) |
Othersb | 2096 | 45 (42, 48) | 48 (45, 51) |
Ethnicity | |||
Brahmin/chettry | 6323 | 37 (34, 39) | 43 (40, 46) |
Dalit | 3716 | 51 (48, 54) | 61 (58, 64) |
Janajati | 7647 | 37 (35, 40) | 43 (40, 46) |
Madhesi | 5649 | 47 (44, 50) | 55 (52, 58) |
Mother education | |||
Secondary or higher | 6151 | 29 (27, 32) | 33 (31, 36) |
Primary | 4148 | 42 (39, 45) | 48 (45, 51) |
No education | 13,036 | 47 (45, 50) | 56 (53, 59) |
Mother’s literacy level (N = 23,333) | |||
Can read part or whole of the sentence | 11,391 | 32 (30, 35) | 37 (34, 39) |
Cannot read | 11,942 | 51 (48, 54) | 60 (57, 63) |
Father education (N = 23,299) | |||
Secondary or higher | 11,382 | 36 (33, 38) | 41 (38, 44) |
Primary | 5923 | 43 (40, 46) | 51 (48, 54) |
No education | 5994 | 52 (49, 55) | 61 (58, 64) |
Mother occupation (N = 23,333) | |||
Not working | 5906 | 34 (32, 36) | 39 (36, 41) |
Agriculture | 15,157 | 45 (43, 48) | 53 (50, 56) |
Non- Agriculturec | 2270 | 36 (33, 38) | 41 (38, 43) |
Maternal factor | |||
Mother’s current age (years) | |||
25–49 | 14,131 | 39 (37, 42) | 45 (42, 47) |
15–18 | 821 | 67 (64, 70) | 77 (73, 80) |
19–24 | 8383 | 44 (41, 46) | 53 (50, 56) |
Maternal marital status | |||
Not currently married | 219 | 32 (30, 34) | 32 (30, 34) |
Currently married | 23,116 | 42 (39, 45) | 49 (46, 52) |
Birth order and birth interval | |||
2nd/3rd birth order, interval > 2 years | 7065 | 19 (18, 21) | 24 (22, 26) |
1st birth order | 7074 | 36 (33, 38) | 44 (41, 46) |
2nd/3rd birth order, interval ≤ 2 years | 2613 | 42 (39, 45) | 52 (49, 55) |
4th or higher birth order, interval > 2 years | 1727 | 82 (78, 85) | 86 (83, 90) |
4th or higher birth order, interval ≤ 2 years | 4856 | 45 (42, 47) | 59 (56, 62) |
Environmental factor | |||
Types of drinking water source (N = 21,779) | |||
Piped water on premises | 2990 | 31 (29, 33) | 36 (34, 39) |
Other improved drinking water sources | 15,231 | 40 (38, 43) | 47 (45, 50) |
Unimproved drinking water sources | 1434 | 45 (42, 47) | 50 (47, 52) |
Surface drinking water sources | 2124 | 52 (49, 55) | 59 (56, 62) |
Types of sanitation facility (N = 21,775) | |||
Improved sanitation facilities | 7931 | 30 (27, 32) | 34 (31, 36) |
Unimproved sanitation facilities | 1924 | 42 (39, 45) | 50 (47, 53) |
Open defecation | 11,920 | 47 (45, 50) | 56 (53, 59) |
Types of cooking fuel (N = 21,782) | |||
Natural gas | 3035 | 22 (20, 24) | 25 (23, 27) |
Biomass energy | 18,747 | 44 (41, 46) | 51 (48, 54) |
Health service factor | |||
Number of antenatal care (ANC) visits (N = 23,164) | |||
4+ | 8442 | 29 (27, 32) | 34 (32, 37) |
(1–3) | 8330 | 37 (34, 39) | 44 (41, 46) |
No ANC | 6392 | 40 (37, 42) | 49 (47, 52) |
Number of TT during pregnancy (N = 23,164) | |||
2 + TT | 13,461 | 33 (31, 36) | 39 (37, 42) |
1 TT | 3551 | 34 (32, 36) | 40 (38, 43) |
Never | 6152 | 39 (36, 41) | 48 (46, 51) |
IFA supplementation during pregnancy(N = 23,168) | |||
Yes | 13,460 | 33 (30, 35) | 38 (35, 40) |
No | 9708 | 38 (36, 41) | 47 (44, 50) |
Place and assistance during delivery (N = 23,154) | |||
Health facility | 6816 | 31 (29, 34) | 35 (33, 37) |
Home delivery with skilled attendantsd | 167 | 48 (45, 51) | 54 (51, 57) |
Home delivery without skilled attendants | 16,171 | 36 (34, 39) | 44 (42, 47) |
Use of contraceptives | |||
Yes | 8483 | 24 (22, 26) | 29 (27, 32) |
No | 14,852 | 52 (49, 55) | 60 (57, 63) |