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Table 2 Caffeine Intake According to Maternal Characteristics, n = 67,569, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 2002–2009

From: Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome – results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

   

Total caffeine, mg/day

Coffee caffeine, mg/day

Tea caffeine, mg/day

  

N (%)

median (IQR)

p-valuea

median (IQR)

p-valuea

median (IQR)

p-valuea

Household income, NOK

Both partners <  300,000

18,703 (28)

51 (20; 115)

< 0.05

3 (0; 57)

< 0.05

6 (0; 29)

< 0.05

One partner ≥ 300,000

27,716 (42)

57 (23; 122)

6 (0; 66)

6 (1; 29)

Both partners ≥ 300,000

19,263 (29)

68 (29; 128)

13 (0; 85)

6 (1; 40)

Missing

1887

55 (21; 129)

 

3 (0; 61)

 

6 (0; 29)

 

Maternal education, years

≤ 12

20,840 (32)

58 (22; 131)

< 0.05

3 (0; 66)

< 0.05

3 (0; 17)

< 0.05

13–16

28,136 (43)

55 (22; 115)

7 (0; 63)

6 (0; 29)

17+

17,157 (26)

65 (28; 124)

13 (0; 85)

6 (3; 40)

Missing

1436

60 (22; 127)

 

7 (0; 69)

 

6 (0; 29)

 

Marital statusb

Yes

64,978 (96)

58 (23; 122)

< 0.05

8 (0; 68)

0.9

6 (1; 29)

< 0.05

No

2591 (4)

60 (22; 142)

6 (0; 79)

3 (0; 17)

Parity

0

35,631 (53)

48 (20; 102)

< 0.05

6 (0; 48)

< 0.05

6 (1; 29)

< 0.05

1

20,664 (31)

68 (28; 137)

8 (0; 85)

6 (1; 40)

2

9080 (13)

85 (33; 175)

12 (0; 95)

6 (1; 40)

3+

2150 (3)

96 (38; 194)

20 (0;170)

6 (0; 40)

Missing

44

50 (19; 130)

 

9 (0; 92)

 

6 (1; 29)

 

Maternal age, years

< 25

7712 (11)

35 (15; 82)

< 0.05

0 (0; 13)

< 0.05

3 (0; 17)

< 0.05

25 to 29

22,969 (34)

48 (20; 102)

5 (0; 44)

6 (1; 29)

30 to 34

28,699 (42)

69 (28; 135)

12 (0; 85)

6 (1; 40)

> 34

8189 (12)

92 (40; 180)

28 (0; 129)

6 (1; 40)

Alcohol consumption, units/week

No alcohol

60,155 (89)

54 (22; 115)

< 0.05

6 (0; 61)

< 0.05

6 (1; 29)

< 0.05

< 0.5

6214 (9)

94 (45; 176)

38 (5; 119)

17 (3; 40)

> 0.5

1199 (2)

128 (66; 218)

76 (13; 173)

17 (3; 40)

Smoking status

Daily

3596 (5)

157 (59; 258)

< 0.05

78 (0; 179)

< 0.05

3 (0; 17)

< 0.05

Occasionally

1816 (3)

110 (45; 201)

44 (0; 170)

3 (0; 17)

Never

61,778 (92)

55 (22; 113)

6 (0; 61)

6 (1; 29)

Missing

379

65 (28; 130)

 

12 (0; 75)

 

6 (0; 40)

 

Nausea

No

59,877 (89)

61 (24; 126)

< 0.05

8 (0; 79)

< 0.05

6 (1; 29)

< 0.05

Yes

7692 (11)

45 (16; 99)

0.1 (0; 21)

6 (0; 29)

Folic acid supplementation

No

37,454 (55)

62 (24; 131)

< 0.05

7 (0; 82)

0.86

6 (1; 29)

< 0.05

Yes

30,115 (45)

55 (22; 112)

8 (0; 63)

6 (1; 29)

Planned pregnancy

No

12,994 (19)

61 (23; 133)

< 0.05

7 (0; 83)

0.57

6 (0; 29)

< 0.05

Yes

54,575 (81)

58 (23; 120)

8 (0; 67)

 

6 (1; 29)

Baby’s sex

Girl

34,340 (51)

59 (23; 124)

0.13

7 (0; 69)

0.98

6 (1; 29)

0.88

Boy

33,229 (49)

58 (23; 122)

8 (0; 68)

6 (1; 29)

Quartiles of total energy intake (kcal)

< 1875

16,882 (25)

42 (15; 95)

< 0.05

4 (0; 45)

< 0.05

3 (0; 20)

< 0.05

1875–2222

16,883 (25)

53 (21; 112)

7 (0; 64)

5 (1; 28)

2223–2651

16,927 (25)

60 (25; 125)

8 (0; 72)

6 (1; 31)

> 2651

16,877 (25)

78 (32; 158)

10 (0; 89)

6 (1; 34)

BMI

<  18.5

2046 (3)

56 (22; 114)

< 0.05

7 (0; 64)

< 0.05

6 (1; 28)

< 0.05

18.5 to 24.9

43,713 (65)

59 (23; 122)

8 (0; 74)

6 (1; 28)

25 to 29.9

15,206 (22)

59 (23; 126)

6 (0; 66)

6 (1; 28)

30 to 34.9

4647 (7)

56 (21; 124)

3 (0; 48)

3 (0; 17)

35 to 39.9

1358 (2)

51 (20; 114)

2 (0; 36)

 

3 (0; 17)

>  40

406 (1)

60 (21; 128)

0 (0, 27)

 

3 (0; 17)

Missing

193

70 (25; 137)

6 (0; 62)

 

6 (0; 40)

  1. IQR interquartile range, aKruskal-Wallis test, bMarital Status is defined as either married/cohabiting or not