Characteristics | Unadjusted odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p-value | 95% CI | OR | p-value | ||
Individual-level factors | ||||||
 Maternal working status (past 12 months) | ||||||
  Non-working | 1.00 |  |  | Not retained in the final model | ||
  Working | 1.16 | 0.067 | 0.99–1.37 |  |  |  |
 Maternal education | ||||||
  No education | 1.00 |  |  | Not retained in the final model | ||
  Primary | 1.10 | 0.279 | 0.93–1.29 |  |  |  |
  Secondary and above | 1.15 | 0.224 | 0.92–1.44 |  |  |  |
 Partner’s occupation | ||||||
  Not working | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  Non-agriculture | 1.00 | 0.980 | 0.75–1.32 |  |  |  |
  Agriculture | 0.91 | 0.479 | 0.70–1.18 |  |  |  |
 Partner’s education | ||||||
  No education | 1.00 |  |  | Not retained in the final model | ||
  Primary | 1.16 | 0.091 | 0.98–1.37 |  |  |  |
  Secondary and above | 1.11 | 0.289 | 0.91–1.36 |  |  |  |
 Mother’s age (years) | ||||||
  15–24 | 1.00 |  |  | Not retained in the final model | ||
  25–34 | 1.16 | 0.046 | 1.00–1.35 |  |  |  |
  35–49 | 1.12 | 0.264 | 0.92–1.36 |  |  |  |
 Marital status | ||||||
  Never married | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  Currently married | 0.98 | 0.930 | 0.60–1.58 |  |  |  |
  Formerly married | 0.75 | 0.337 | 0.42–1.35 |  |  |  |
 Birth order | ||||||
  First-born | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Second to fourth | 1.31 | 0.004 | 1.09–1.57 | 1.38 | 0.002 | 1.13–1.69 |
  Fifth or more | 1.31 | 0.004 | 1.09–1.59 | 1.44 | 0.000 | 1.18–1.77 |
 Preceding birth interval | ||||||
  No pervious birth | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  < 24 months | 1.34 | 0.012 | 1.07–1.69 |  |  |  |
  > = 24 months | 1.30 | 0.003 | 1.09–1.54 |  |  |  |
 Mother’s literacy | ||||||
  Cannot read at all | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  Can read part/whole sentence | 1.02 | 0.850 | 0.86–1.20 |  |  |  |
 Mother’s frequency of reading newspaper | ||||||
  No | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  Yes | 0.98 | 0.885 | 0.76–1.27 |  |  |  |
 Mother’s frequency of listening to the radio | ||||||
  No | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  Yes | 0.97 | 0.707 | 0.82–1.14 |  |  |  |
 Mother’s frequency of watching TV | ||||||
  No | 1.00 |  |  | Not retained in the final model | ||
  Yes | 1.23 | 0.031 | 1.02–1.49 |  |  |  |
 Place of delivery | ||||||
  Home | 1.00 |  |  | Not retained in the final model | ||
  Health facility | 1.28 | 0.002 | 1.09–1.50 |  |  |  |
 Mode of delivery | ||||||
  Non-caesarean | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Caesarean section | 0.26 | 0.000 | 0.18–0.37 | 0.14 | 0.000 | 0.09–0.22 |
 Type of delivery assistance | ||||||
  None | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Health professional | 1.27 | 0.083 | 0.97–1.65 | 1.68 | 0.001 | 1.23–2.29 |
  Traditional birth attendant | 0.97 | 0.845 | 0.74–1.28 | 1.22 | 0.201 | 0.90–1.64 |
  Relatives/untrained workers | 0.94 | 0.700 | 0.67–1.31 | 1.10 | 0.620 | 0.76–1.59 |
 Antenatal care visits | ||||||
  None | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  1–3 visits | 1.06 | 0.542 | 0.88–1.26 |  |  |  |
 4 or more | 1.08 | 0.405 | 0.90–1.29 |  |  |  |
 Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
  ≤18.5 | 1.00 |  |  | Not taken in the model | ||
  > 18.5- ≤ 24.9 | 1.02 | 0.811 | 0.86–1.20 |  |  |  |
  > 24.9- ≤ 29.9 | 1.05 | 0.722 | 0.80–1.39 |  |  |  |
  ≥30 | 1.04 | 0.879 | 0.63–1.72 |  |  |  |
 Gender of the child | ||||||
  Male | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Female | 1.17 | 0.019 | 1.03–1.34 | 1.17 | 0.035 | 1.01–1.34 |
 Child’s age (months) | ||||||
  0–5 | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  6–11 | 1.21 | 0.038 | 1.01–1.44 | 1.22 | 0.042 | 1.01–1.47 |
  12–17 | 1.12 | 0.217 | 0.94–1.34 | 1.15 | 0.153 | 0.95–1.40 |
  18–23 | 1.23 | 0.042 | 1.01–1.51 | 1.20 | 0.111 | 0.96–1.49 |
Household factors | ||||||
 Wealth index | ||||||
  Poorest | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Poorer | 1.26 | 0.031 | 1.02–1.56 | 1.01 | 0.967 | 0.79–1.27 |
  Middle | 1.33 | 0.022 | 1.04–1.69 | 1.04 | 0.745 | 0.80–1.36 |
  Richer | 1.26 | 0.071 | 0.98–1.62 | 0.96 | 0.743 | 0.73–1.25 |
  Richest | 1.64 | 0.000 | 1.31–2.06 | 1.43 | 0.015 | 1.07–1.92 |
Community-level factors | ||||||
 Residence | ||||||
  Urban | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Rural | 0.73 | 0.004 | 0.59–0.90 | 0.89 | 0.594 | 0.59–1.35 |
 Region | ||||||
  Tigray | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Affar | 0.44 | 0.000 | 0.31–0.63 | 0.52 | 0.001 | 0.36–0.76 |
  Amhara | 1.20 | 0.318 | 0.84–1.72 | 1.42 | 0.062 | 0.98–2.06 |
  Oromiya | 2.08 | 0.000 | 1.49–2.89 | 2.58 | 0.000 | 1.84–3.63 |
  Somali | 1.91 | 0.001 | 1.29–2.85 | 2.19 | 0.000 | 1.46–3.28 |
  Benishangul-Gumuz | 1.58 | 0.021 | 1.07–2.32 | 1.87 | 0.002 | 1.26–2.76 |
  SNNP | 2.15 | 0.000 | 1.48–3.12 | 2.75 | 0.000 | 1.86–4.05 |
  Gamabela | 1.43 | 0.073 | 0.97–2.12 | 1.68 | 0.012 | 1.12–2.52 |
  Harari | 5.21 | 0.000 | 3.08–8.80 | 7.05 | 0.000 | 4.08–12.18 |
  Addis ababa | 1.25 | 0.287 | 0.83–1.87 | 1.43 | 0.112 | 0.92–2.21 |
  Dire dawa | 5.61 | 0.000 | 3.06–10.27 | 6.89 | 0.000 | 3.54–13.41 |