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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted Odds Ratio for early initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia 2016

From: Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: a population-based study using the 2016 demographic and health survey data

Characteristics

Unadjusted odds ratio

Adjusted odds ratio

95% CI

OR

p-value

95% CI

OR

p-value

Individual-level factors

 Maternal working status (past 12 months)

  Non-working

1.00

  

Not retained in the final model

  Working

1.16

0.067

0.99–1.37

   

 Maternal education

  No education

1.00

  

Not retained in the final model

  Primary

1.10

0.279

0.93–1.29

   

  Secondary and above

1.15

0.224

0.92–1.44

   

 Partner’s occupation

  Not working

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  Non-agriculture

1.00

0.980

0.75–1.32

   

  Agriculture

0.91

0.479

0.70–1.18

   

 Partner’s education

  No education

1.00

  

Not retained in the final model

  Primary

1.16

0.091

0.98–1.37

   

  Secondary and above

1.11

0.289

0.91–1.36

   

 Mother’s age (years)

  15–24

1.00

  

Not retained in the final model

  25–34

1.16

0.046

1.00–1.35

   

  35–49

1.12

0.264

0.92–1.36

   

 Marital status

  Never married

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  Currently married

0.98

0.930

0.60–1.58

   

  Formerly married

0.75

0.337

0.42–1.35

   

 Birth order

  First-born

1.00

     

  Second to fourth

1.31

0.004

1.09–1.57

1.38

0.002

1.13–1.69

  Fifth or more

1.31

0.004

1.09–1.59

1.44

0.000

1.18–1.77

 Preceding birth interval

  No pervious birth

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  < 24 months

1.34

0.012

1.07–1.69

   

  > = 24 months

1.30

0.003

1.09–1.54

   

 Mother’s literacy

  Cannot read at all

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  Can read part/whole sentence

1.02

0.850

0.86–1.20

   

 Mother’s frequency of reading newspaper

  No

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  Yes

0.98

0.885

0.76–1.27

   

 Mother’s frequency of listening to the radio

  No

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  Yes

0.97

0.707

0.82–1.14

   

 Mother’s frequency of watching TV

  No

1.00

  

Not retained in the final model

  Yes

1.23

0.031

1.02–1.49

   

 Place of delivery

  Home

1.00

  

Not retained in the final model

  Health facility

1.28

0.002

1.09–1.50

   

 Mode of delivery

  Non-caesarean

1.00

     

  Caesarean section

0.26

0.000

0.18–0.37

0.14

0.000

0.09–0.22

 Type of delivery assistance

  None

1.00

     

  Health professional

1.27

0.083

0.97–1.65

1.68

0.001

1.23–2.29

  Traditional birth attendant

0.97

0.845

0.74–1.28

1.22

0.201

0.90–1.64

  Relatives/untrained workers

0.94

0.700

0.67–1.31

1.10

0.620

0.76–1.59

 Antenatal care visits

  None

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  1–3 visits

1.06

0.542

0.88–1.26

   

 4 or more

1.08

0.405

0.90–1.29

   

 Mother’s BMI (kg/m2)

  ≤18.5

1.00

  

Not taken in the model

  > 18.5- ≤ 24.9

1.02

0.811

0.86–1.20

   

  > 24.9- ≤ 29.9

1.05

0.722

0.80–1.39

   

  ≥30

1.04

0.879

0.63–1.72

   

 Gender of the child

  Male

1.00

     

  Female

1.17

0.019

1.03–1.34

1.17

0.035

1.01–1.34

 Child’s age (months)

  0–5

1.00

     

  6–11

1.21

0.038

1.01–1.44

1.22

0.042

1.01–1.47

  12–17

1.12

0.217

0.94–1.34

1.15

0.153

0.95–1.40

  18–23

1.23

0.042

1.01–1.51

1.20

0.111

0.96–1.49

Household factors

 Wealth index

  Poorest

1.00

     

  Poorer

1.26

0.031

1.02–1.56

1.01

0.967

0.79–1.27

  Middle

1.33

0.022

1.04–1.69

1.04

0.745

0.80–1.36

  Richer

1.26

0.071

0.98–1.62

0.96

0.743

0.73–1.25

  Richest

1.64

0.000

1.31–2.06

1.43

0.015

1.07–1.92

Community-level factors

 Residence

  Urban

1.00

     

  Rural

0.73

0.004

0.59–0.90

0.89

0.594

0.59–1.35

 Region

  Tigray

1.00

     

  Affar

0.44

0.000

0.31–0.63

0.52

0.001

0.36–0.76

  Amhara

1.20

0.318

0.84–1.72

1.42

0.062

0.98–2.06

  Oromiya

2.08

0.000

1.49–2.89

2.58

0.000

1.84–3.63

  Somali

1.91

0.001

1.29–2.85

2.19

0.000

1.46–3.28

  Benishangul-Gumuz

1.58

0.021

1.07–2.32

1.87

0.002

1.26–2.76

  SNNP

2.15

0.000

1.48–3.12

2.75

0.000

1.86–4.05

  Gamabela

1.43

0.073

0.97–2.12

1.68

0.012

1.12–2.52

  Harari

5.21

0.000

3.08–8.80

7.05

0.000

4.08–12.18

  Addis ababa

1.25

0.287

0.83–1.87

1.43

0.112

0.92–2.21

  Dire dawa

5.61

0.000

3.06–10.27

6.89

0.000

3.54–13.41

  1. Backward stepwise model with dichotomous outcome of (0 = no timely initiation; 1 = timely initiation)
  2. CI Confidence Intervals