Table 4 Multilevel analysis of the association between individual, household and community variables with adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood in five East African countries

 15 (ref)

 16

2.13(1.35–3.35)**

2.21(1.21–4.01)**

2.25(1.47–3.43)**

1.61(0.94–2.78)

1.63(1.05–2.53)**

 17

5.27(3.38–8.21)**

6.14(3.36–11.19)**

5.89(3.86–8.98)**

3.50(2.04–6.02)**

3.53(2.28–5.47)**

 18

9.88(6.38–15.30)**

10.35(5.72–18.72)**

9.31(6.14–14.11)**

9.20(5.33–15.88)**

6.55(4.27–10.05)**

 19

20.43(12.96–32.18)**

26.09(13.80–49.31)**

18.02(11.6–28.1)**

14.57(8.28–25.63)**

16.56(10.52–26.07)**

 No education (ref)

 Primary education

1.04(0.67–1.61)

0.76(0.46–1.24)

0.92(0.54–1.67)

0.57(0.22–1.47)

0.49(0.23–1.05)

 Secondary and above

0.33(0.21–0.54)**

0.35(0.19–0.62)**

0.37(0.20–0.71)**

0.32 (0.16–0.87)**

0.35 (0.16–0.76)**

 No sex

0.18 (0.11–0.29)

1.00 (−)

1.00 (−)

1.00 (−)

0.22(0.14–0.34)**

 5–14

4.27 (2.41–7.56)**

12.28(6.48–23.30)*

5.03 (3.38–7.49)**

5.52(3.52–8.67)**

4.01(2.51–6.63)**

 15–17

3.24(1.91–5.40)**

4.81(2.78–8.30)**

2.81(2.02–3.92)**

3.73(2.54–5.47)**

3.21(2.13–4.96)**

 18–19 (ref)

 One of the 3 sources

1.04(0.81–1.34)

0.95(0.69–1.30)

1.01(0.80–1.26)

0.86(0.67–1.10)

0.79(0.61–1.02)

 Two of the 3 sources

0.78(0.56–1.08)

0.87(0.56–1.34)

0.66(0.45–0.95)*

0.59(0.40–0.88)**

0.58(0.43–0.80)**

 All three sources

0.57(0.34–0.95)**

0.70(0.34–1.33)

0.52(0.25–1.00)

0.36(0.18–0.72)**

0.44(0.28–0.67)**

 Rural

1.67(0.90–1.53)

1.04(0.67–1.58)

0.88(0.62–1.26)

1.12(0.77–1.62)

0.98(0.71–1.34)

 Poorer

0.88(0.64–1.20)

1.15(0.75–1.75)

0.67(0.49–1.05)

1.01(0.70–1.42)

1.10(0.75–1.56)

 Middle

0.86(0.61–1.22)

0.85(0.55–1.29)

0.82(0.59–1.13)

0.83(0.56–1.24)

0.82(0.55–1.22)

 Richer

0.59(0.38–0.91)*

0.75(0.47–1.18)

0.80(0.57–1.13)

0.54(0.35–0.84)**

0.63(0.39–1.00)

 Richest

0.32(0.18–0.57)**

0.41(0.23–0.74)**

0.46(0.32–0.68)**

0.39(0.23–0.68)**

0.47(0.26–0.83)**

 Daughter (ref)

 Spouse/head

15.89(11.55–22.09)**

4.19(2.77–6.33)**

4.91(3.79–6.37)**

4.62(3.39–6.29)**

14.79(11.55–18.63)**

 Living with relatives or others

2.00 (1.59–2.52)**

1.07(0.78–1.469)

1.23(0.99–1.54)*

1.79(1.37–2.33)**

1.01(0.81–1.26)

 Male (ref)

 Female

0.87(0.71–1.07)

0.85(0.61–1.17)

1.08(0.88–1.34)

0.91(0.72–1.16)

1.06(0.84–1.34)

 High

0.82 (0.61–1.10)

1.33(0.85–2.07)

1.09 (0.85–1.39)

0.70(0.49–0.94)*

0.83(0.59–1.17)

 High

1.01(0.78–1.30)

0.77(0.50–1.19)

1.12(0.84–1.47)

0.91(0.67–1.24)

1.25 (0.88–1.77)

ICC (empty model)

0.123

0.215

0.074

0.072

0.152

ICC (full model)

0.121

0.079

0.051

0.046

0.029

n

5820

2904

5263

4263

3675

Cluster

1489

494

802

626

712