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Table 5 Clinical manifestations and outcomes in pregnant admissions by influenza infection status

From: Epidemiology of influenza in pregnant women hospitalized with respiratory illness in Moscow, 2012/2013–2015/2016: a hospital-based active surveillance study

 

Influenza positive

Influenza negative

Odds ratio (95% CI) a

 

Clinical manifestation/outcome

N = 825

N = 923

P-value

Signs/symptoms, n (%)

 Fever

801 (97.1)

781 (84.6)

6.07 (3.89–9.46)

<  0.001

 Headache

445 (53.9)

489 (53.0)

1.04 (0.86–1.25)

0.688

 Malaise

497 (60.2)

550 (59.6)

1.03 (0.85–1.24)

0.781

 Myalgia

354 (42.9)

244 (26.4)

2.09 (1.71–2.56)

<  0.001

 Cough

630 (76.4)

511 (55.4)

2.60 (2.12–3.20)

<  0.001

 Sore throat

546 (66.2)

689 (74.6)

0.66 (0.54–0.82)

<  0.001

 Dyspnea

86 (10.4)

75 (8.1)

1.32 (0.95–1.82)

0.098

Time from onset of symptoms to admission, n (%)

 1 day

392 (47.5)

384 (41.6)

1

 

 2 days

209 (25.3)

194 (21.0)

1.06 (0.83–1.34)

0.661

 3 days

138 (16.7)

158 (17.1)

0.86 (0.65–1.12)

0.254

  ≥ 4 days

86 (10.4)

187 (20.3)

0.45 (0.34–0.60)

<  0.001

 Time from onset of symptoms to admission, median (range)

2 (0–6)

2 (0–7)

0.85 (0.80–0.91)

<  0.001

Length of hospital stay, n (%) b

 0–4 days

254 (30.8)

342 (37.1)

1

 

 5 days

155 (18.8)

128 (13.9)

1.63 (1.23–2.17)

<  0.001

 6–7 days

261 (31.6)

259 (28.1)

1.36 (1.07–1.72)

<  0.001

 Median length of hospital stay (range)

6 (0–35)

5 (0–31)

1.00 (0.98–1.04)

0.627

 Intensive care unit admission, n (%)

1 (0.1)

2 (0.2)

0.56 (0.05–6.17)

0.635

Pregnancy outcome, n (%)

 Aborted (<  20 weeks)

14 (1.7)

39 (4.2)

0.39 (0.21–0.73)

0.003

 Stillborn (≥ 20 weeks)

12 (1.5)

11 (1.2)

1.22 (0.54–2.79)

0.631

 Live delivery during the current admission, n (%)

78 (9.5)

99 (10.7)

0.87 (0.64–1.19)

0.379

 Preterm (< 37 weeks) c

17 (21.8)

19 (19.2)

1.17 (0.56–2.45)

0.669

 Cesarean‡

14 (17.9)

16 (16.2)

1.13 (0.52–2.50)

0.753

 Low birth weight (<  2500 g) c

3 (3.8)

12 (12.1)

0.29 (0.08–1.07)

0.062

Discharge diagnosis, n (%)

 Influenza

617 (74.8)

108 (11.7)

23.34 (18.07–30.13)

<  0.001

 Pneumonia

9 (1.1)

13 (1.4)

0.77 (0.33–1.82)

0.553

 Respiratory disease

187 (22.7)

736 (79.7)

0.74 (0.06–0.09)

<  0.001

 Other

12 (1.5)

66 (7.2)

0.19 (0.10–0.36)

<  0.001

  1. aEstimated by exact logistic regression
  2. bProportions are relative to deliveries during the current admission
  3. N = 825 for influenza positive, N = 922 for influenza negative
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