Table 1 Issues, doula activities, identified overarching theme and subthemes
Issues for pregnant women and new mothers | Volunteer doula activities | Subthemes, reflecting potential impact on women | Overarching theme |
|---|---|---|---|
Low mood Anxiety Stress | Non-judgmental, non-professional active listening Relationship-building Emotional availability | Overcoming stress, anxiety and unhappiness | Supporting the mother to succeed and flourish |
Lack of information No family from whom to learn skills | Providing evidence based information on pregnancy, birth, baby care Supporting development of parenting skills Not giving advice Giving relevant public health messages | Becoming knowledgeable and skilful | |
Poor self-esteem Lack of confidence Low self-efficacy Undervalued and overwhelmed | Giving time, attention, respect Affirmation Respecting choices Showing care and concern Supporting manageable steps to success | Developing self-esteem and self-efficacy | |
Unfamiliarity with healthcare system Lack of confidence Difficulties communicating with healthcare professionals | Accompanying Helping with questions Helping with understanding | Using services effectively | |
Social isolation Low awareness of services | Facilitating links with the community Supporting social contact with other mothers | Becoming locally connected |