Table 4 Association of maternal and neonatal factors with the risk of congenital anomalies
Variable | Total N (%) | Study group (n = 130) | Controlled group (n = 130) | OR | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | Mean (SD) | 27.3(6.7) | 27.5(6.9) | 27.1(6.6) | 1 | 0.97–1.04 | 0.628 |
Parity | Mean (SD) | 1.9(1.7) | 1.9(1.8) | 1.9(1.7) | 0.99 | 0.87–1.14 | 0.972 |
Birth weight, kg | Mean (SD) | 2.97(0.5) | 2.70(0.6) | 3.24(0.4) | 0.15 | 0.08–0.28 | < 0.001 |
Education | ≤ secondary level | 184(70.8) | 91(70.0) | 93(71.5) | 0.92 | 0.54–1.58 | 0.892 |
> secondary level | 76(29.2) | 39(30.0) | 37(28.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
Occupation | Housewive | 237(91.2) | 122(93.8) | 115 (88.5) | 1 | 1 | 0.189 |
Employed | 23(8.8) | 8(6.2) | 15(11.5) | 0.5 | 0.20–1.23 | ||
Medical diseases | Yes | 71(27.3) | 69(53.1) | 2(1.5) | 72.3 | 17.1–351.0 | < 0.001 |
No | 189(72.7) | 61(46.9) | 128(98.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
Adequate antenatal care | Yes | 155(59.6) | 41(31.5) | 114(87.7) | 1 | 1 | < 0.001 |
No | 105 | 89(68.5) | 16(12.3) | 15.4 | 8.14–29.35 | ||
Smoking | Yes | 21(8.1) | 16 (12.3) | 5 (3.8) | 3.5 | 1.24–9.88 | 0.012 |
No | 239(91.9) | 114(87.7) | 125(96.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
Previous abortion | Yes | 50(19.2) | 14(10.8) | 36(27.7) | 0.31 | 0.16–0.61 | 0.001 |
No | 210(80.8) | 116(89.2) | 94(72.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
Previous congenital anomalies | Yes | 28(10.8) | 27(20.8) | 1(0.8) | 33.8 | 4.51–253.0 | < 0.001 |
No | 232(89.2) | 103(79.2) | 129(99.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
Consanguinity | Yes | 129(49.6) | 90(69.2) | 39(30.0) | 5.25 | 3.09–8.90 | < 0.001 |
No | 131(50.4) | 40(30.8) | 91(70.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
Sex of newborn | Male | 149(57.3) | 73(56.2) | 76(58.5) | 1 | 1 | 0.802 |
Female | 111(42.7) | 57(43.8) | 54(41.5) | 1.09 | 0.67–1.79 |