Table 1 Baseline Characteristics
Maternal characteristics | N (%) |
Age (years) | 28.3 (5)a |
Gestational age at enrollment (weeks) | 24.6 (5.5)a |
Marital status | |
 Married/living with partner | 1977 (86.9) |
 Single | 298 (13.1) |
Previous pregnancies | |
 0 (primiparous) | 522 (22.9) |
 1 to 3 | 1574 (69.1) |
 3 + | 182 (7.9) |
Education | |
 None | 151 (6.6) |
 1–4 years | 85 (3.7) |
 5–8 years | 1567 (68.8) |
 8 + years | 476 (20.9) |
Employment | |
 None (housewife) | 1474 (64.1) |
 Informal income (housewife with income) | 463 (20.1) |
 Formal income | 279 (12.1) |
Daily food expenditure (per person/day/Tshb) | |
  < 500 | 1117 (51.7) |
  ≥ 500 | 1044 (48.3) |
WHO stage (HIV) | |
 1 | 1015 (72.6) |
 2 | 214 (15.3) |
 3 | 125 (8.9) |
 4 | 45 (3.2) |
Obstetric history | N (%) |
 Previous low birth weight baby | 128 (5.6) |
 Previous preterm baby | 115 (5) |
 Previous caesarian delivery | 100 (4.4) |
 Previous baby died within first few days | 405 (17.6) |
 Previous stillbirth | 94 (4.1) |
 Previous abortion (less than 7 months) | 423 (18.4) |
 Family member with diabetes | 230 (10) |
Current pregnancy characteristics | N (%) |
 Malaria (prior to enrollment) | 724 (31.5) |
 Repeated fever (prior to enrollment) | 224 (9.7) |
 Malaria prophylaxis (prior to enrollment) | 722 (31.4) |
 Baseline CD4 count (enrollment) (cells/ml) | 264.8 (219.1)a |
 Baseline weight (at enrollment) (kg) | 59.1 (10.9)a |
 Mid Upper Arm Circumference (at enrollment)(cm) | 26.1 (3.2)a |
 Mid-Arm Muscle Area (at enrollment)(cm) | 32.6 (7.4)a |
 Mean systolic blood pressure (at enrollment) (mm/hg) | 108.8 (13.2)a |
 Mean diastolic blood pressure (at enrollment) (mm/hg) | 65.5 (9.2)a |
 Adherence to iron supplements (fraction adhered during pregnancy) | 0.65 (0.4)a |
 Average prenatal visits | 7.8 (3.0)a |