Table 4 Pairwise comparisons of obstetric and perinatal outcomes among study population
Variables | ART-GDM vs. ART | ART-GDM vs. SC- GDM | ART vs. SC-GDM |
|---|---|---|---|
Obstetrics outcomes | |||
 PIH, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 2.09 (0.91–4.81) | 1.83 (0.79–4.27) | 0.79 (0.30–2.11) |
 Preeclampsia, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.45 (0.53–3.99) | 3.31(1.03–10.64) * | 1.56 (0.41–5.89) |
 Antepartum hemorrhage, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.57(0.69–3.57) | 1.88(0.74–4.79) | 1.54(0.53–4.50) |
 Emergency CS, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.95 (1.08–3.50) * | 1.27(0.68–2.39) | 1.43 (0.74–2.77) |
Perinatal outcomes | |||
 Preterm birth, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 2.46(1.04–5.85) * | 1.60(0.67–3.84) | 0.84 (0.30–2.38) |
 IUGR, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.04(0.43–2.52) | 0.96(0.34–2.69) | 1.05(0.39–2.86) |
 Small for gestational age, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.05(0.50–2.22) | 1.82(0.70–4.73) | 1.89(0.74–4.84) |
 Large for gestational age, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 2.54(0.58–11.10) | 1.13(0.33–3.87) | 0.55(0.12–2.53) |
 Macrosomia, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.39(0.27–7.14) | 0.71(0.16–3.22) | 0.63(0.13–3.01) |
 Low birth weight, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.53(0.62–3.74) | 1.48(0.52–4.18) | 1.14(0.38–3.41) |
 NICU admission, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1.91(0.93–3.93) | 2.94(1.23–7.05) * | 1.42(0.57–3.53) |
 Respiratory distress, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 2.29(0.84–6.23) | 1.09(0.42–2.80) | 0.44(0.15–1.28) |
 Neonatal hypoglycemia, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 4.68(1.04–15.65) * | 6.53(1.77–24.16) * | 2.02(0.36–11.43) |
 Perinatal mortality, OR adjusted (95% CI) | 1 | 3.07(0.41–22.77) | 1 |