Table 4 Factors determining the risk of inadequate and excessive GWG (adjusted)

 < 30 years

1.0

1.0

 ≥30 years

1.30 (0.70–2.44)

1.67 (0.97–2.88)

 p value

0.410

0.065

 < 18.5 kg/m²

2.61 (1.17–5.78)

0.20 (0.04–0.94)

 p value

0.018

0.041

 18.5–24.9 kg/m²

1.0

1.0

 ≥25.0 kg/m²

0.88 (0.21–3.73)

7.00 (2.87–17.08)

 p value

0.872

<0.001

 city

1.0

1.0

 town

0.70 (0.34–1.44)

1.27 (0.65–2.49)

 p value

0.330

0.488

 village

0.68 (0.36–1.29)

1.13 (0.62–2.08)

 p value

0.240

0.689

 university

1.0

1.0

 secondary school

1.41 (0.75–2.65)

0.86 (0.46–1.59)

 p value

0.289

0.627

 lower

1.82 (0.52–6.42)

1.70 (0.54–5.39)

 p value

0.350

0.365

 yes

1.0

1.0

 no

-*

1.09 (0.20–6.04)

 p value

–

0.924

 non-smokers

1.0

1.0

 passive smokers

0.88 (0.47–1.63)

0.96 (0.54–1.70)

 p value

0.683

0.879

 current smokers

1.64 (0.64–4.20)

1.08 (0.39–2.98)

 p value

0.305

0.878

 women who quit smoking after conception

2.08 (0.24–18.02)

7.32 (1.39–38.56)

 p value

0.506

0.019

 no

1.0

1.0

 yes, in the 1st trimester of pregnancy

0.90 (0.51–1.60)

0.63 (0.37–1.08)

 p value

0.732

0.094

 yes, during the whole pregnancy

0.48 (0.13–1.79)

0.44 (0.12–1.60)

 p value

0.276

0.214

 first

1.0

1.0

 second

0.91 (0.47–1.77)

0.74 (0.42–1.29)

 p value

0.789

0.289

 third or subsequent labour

0.39 (0.16–0.96)

0.37 (0.16–0.84)

 p value

0.042

0.018

 Q1

1.0

1.0

 Q₂

1.43 (0.68–3.00)

0.62 (0.26–1.04)

 p value

0.342

0.066

 Q₃

1.45 (0.65–3.21)

0.97 (0.49–1.95)

 p value

0.362

0.942

 Q₄

1.15 (0.49–2.71)

1.00 (0.48–2.08)

 p value

0.754

0.996

 Q1

1.0

1.0

 Q₂

1.53 (0.76–3.09)

1.41 (0.70–2.85)

 p value

0.234

0.332

 Q₃

1.04 (0.49–2.21)

1.38 (0.69–2.78)

 p value

0.916

0.367

 Q₄

0.83 (0.36–1.80)

1.85 (0.92–2.78)

 p value

0.640

0.085

 Q1

1.0

1.0

 Q₂

1.27 (0.60–2.69)

0.70 (0.35–1.39)

 p value

0.532

0.301

 Q₃

0.62 (0.28–1.39)

0.72 (0.38–1.39)

 p value

0.247

0.329

 Q₄

1.38 (0.66–2.91)

0.47 (0.23–0.97)

 p value

0.394

0.033