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Table 1 The characteristics of the study participants in three categories of GWG (N%; X ± SD)

From: Factors associated with gestational weight gain: a cross-sectional survey

Variables

Gestational weight gain

p value

Inadequate (N = 100)

9.49 ± 2.01 kg

Adequate (N = 207)

13.76 ± 1.66 kg

Excessive (N = 151)

19.60 ± 4.04 kg

Age (X ± SD)

29.19 ± 4.87

29.62 ± 4.93

30.43 ± 3.80

0.090A

Pre-pregnancy BMI (X ± SD)

20.92 ± 2.46

21.32 ± 2.50

22.82 ± 3.57a,b

< 0.001 A

Place of residence

 village

33 (33.0)

80 (38.6)

61 (40.4)

0.700C

 town

19 (19.0)

42 (20.3)

31 (20.5)

 

 city

48 (48.0)

85 (41.1)

59 (39.1)

 

Education

 lower than secondary school

6 (6.0)

10 (4.8)

12 (7.9)

0.729C

 secondary school

30 (30.0)

55 (26.6)

39 (25.8)

 

 university

64 (64.0)

142 (68.6)

100 (66.2)

 

 Having adequate money to buy necessary food

  

1

 

 yes

100 (100.0)

202 (97.6)

47 (98.0)

0.306C

 no

0 (0.0)

5 (2.4)

3 (2.0)

 

Smoking

 non-smokers

55 (55.0)

120 (58.0)

86 (57.0)

0.003 C

 passive smokers

28 (28.0)

65 (31.4)

42 (27.8)

 

 current smokers

15 (15.0)

20 (9.7)

10 (6.6)

 

 women who quit smoking after conception

2 (2.0)

2 (1.0)

13 (8.6)

 

Persistent vomiting

 no

60 (60.0)

119 (57.5)

98 (65.3)

0.411C

 yes, in the 1st trimester of pregnancy

36 (36.0)

75 (36.2)

48 (32.0)

 

 yes, during the whole pregnancy

4 (4.0)

13 (6.3)

4 (2.7)

 

Parity

 first

54 (54.0)

102 (49.3)

80 (51.5)

0.243C

 second

36 (36.0)

69 (33.3)

56 (37.1)

 

 third or subsequent labour

10 (10.0)

36 (17.4)

15 (9.9)

 

Unhealthy DP

 Q1

21 (21.0)

52 (25.1)

42 (27.8)

0.715C

 Q2

27 (27.0)

57 (27.5)

32 (21.2)

 

 Q3

28 (28.0)

46 (22.2)

39 (25.8)

 

 Q4

24 (24.0)

52 (25.1)

38 (25.2)

 

Varied DP

 Q1

26 (26.0)

59 (28.5)

30 (19.9)

0.246C

 Q2

30 (30.0)

50 (24.2)

35 (23.2)

 

 Q3

25 (25.0)

49 (23.7)

39 (25.8)

 

 Q4

19 (19.0)

49 (23.7)

47 (31.1)

 

Prudent DP

 Q1

20 (20.0)

47 (22.7)

48 (31.8)

0.036 C

 Q2

30 (30.0)

47 (22.7)

39 (25.8)

 

 Q3

18 (18.0)

57 (27.5)

37 (24.5)

 

 Q4

32 (32.0)

56 (27.1)

27 (17.9)

 
  1. Q represents quartile; DP represents dietary pattern; A represents one-way ANOVA; and C represents the chi-square test. The numbers in bold indicate statistically significant results; a represents the Bonferroni post hoc test p < 0.001 (adequate–excessive; and b represents the Bonferroni post hoc test p < 0.001 (inadequate–excessive)