From: Factors associated with gestational weight gain: a cross-sectional survey
Variables | Gestational weight gain | p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Inadequate (N = 100) 9.49 ± 2.01 kg | Adequate (N = 207) 13.76 ± 1.66 kg | Excessive (N = 151) 19.60 ± 4.04 kg | ||
Age (X ± SD) | 29.19 ± 4.87 | 29.62 ± 4.93 | 30.43 ± 3.80 | 0.090A |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (X ± SD) | 20.92 ± 2.46 | 21.32 ± 2.50 | 22.82 ± 3.57a,b | < 0.001 A |
Place of residence | ||||
 village | 33 (33.0) | 80 (38.6) | 61 (40.4) | 0.700C |
 town | 19 (19.0) | 42 (20.3) | 31 (20.5) |  |
 city | 48 (48.0) | 85 (41.1) | 59 (39.1) |  |
Education | ||||
 lower than secondary school | 6 (6.0) | 10 (4.8) | 12 (7.9) | 0.729C |
 secondary school | 30 (30.0) | 55 (26.6) | 39 (25.8) |  |
 university | 64 (64.0) | 142 (68.6) | 100 (66.2) |  |
 Having adequate money to buy necessary food |  |  | 1 |  |
 yes | 100 (100.0) | 202 (97.6) | 47 (98.0) | 0.306C |
 no | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.4) | 3 (2.0) |  |
Smoking | ||||
 non-smokers | 55 (55.0) | 120 (58.0) | 86 (57.0) | 0.003 C |
 passive smokers | 28 (28.0) | 65 (31.4) | 42 (27.8) |  |
 current smokers | 15 (15.0) | 20 (9.7) | 10 (6.6) |  |
 women who quit smoking after conception | 2 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 13 (8.6) |  |
Persistent vomiting | ||||
 no | 60 (60.0) | 119 (57.5) | 98 (65.3) | 0.411C |
 yes, in the 1st trimester of pregnancy | 36 (36.0) | 75 (36.2) | 48 (32.0) |  |
 yes, during the whole pregnancy | 4 (4.0) | 13 (6.3) | 4 (2.7) |  |
Parity | ||||
 first | 54 (54.0) | 102 (49.3) | 80 (51.5) | 0.243C |
 second | 36 (36.0) | 69 (33.3) | 56 (37.1) |  |
 third or subsequent labour | 10 (10.0) | 36 (17.4) | 15 (9.9) |  |
Unhealthy DP | ||||
 Q1 | 21 (21.0) | 52 (25.1) | 42 (27.8) | 0.715C |
 Q2 | 27 (27.0) | 57 (27.5) | 32 (21.2) |  |
 Q3 | 28 (28.0) | 46 (22.2) | 39 (25.8) |  |
 Q4 | 24 (24.0) | 52 (25.1) | 38 (25.2) |  |
Varied DP | ||||
 Q1 | 26 (26.0) | 59 (28.5) | 30 (19.9) | 0.246C |
 Q2 | 30 (30.0) | 50 (24.2) | 35 (23.2) |  |
 Q3 | 25 (25.0) | 49 (23.7) | 39 (25.8) |  |
 Q4 | 19 (19.0) | 49 (23.7) | 47 (31.1) |  |
Prudent DP | ||||
 Q1 | 20 (20.0) | 47 (22.7) | 48 (31.8) | 0.036 C |
 Q2 | 30 (30.0) | 47 (22.7) | 39 (25.8) |  |
 Q3 | 18 (18.0) | 57 (27.5) | 37 (24.5) |  |
 Q4 | 32 (32.0) | 56 (27.1) | 27 (17.9) |  |