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Table 4: Concentration Indices with Covariates: Ghana (years 2003, 2008 & 2014) and Nigeria (years 2003, 2008 & 2013)

From: Examining trends in inequality in the use of reproductive health care services in Ghana and Nigeria

Service type / covariate

Ghana

Nigeria

2003

2008

2014

2003

2008

2013

Delivery: home

-0.14*

-0.13*

-0.1*

-0.12*

-0.15*

-0.14*

 Age group

  15-24

-0.13*

-0.09*

-0.07*

-0.09*

-0.12*

-0.11*

  25-49

-0.15*

-0.14*

-0.1*

-0.12*

-0.16*

-0.15*

 Marital status

  Never

-0.1*

-0.1*

-0.07*

-0.09*

-0.09*

-0.09*

  Currently / previously

-0.14*

-0.13*

-0.1*

-0.11*

-0.15*

-0.14*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

-0.14*

-0.11*

-0.07*

-0.11*

-0.14*

-0.13*

  Professional / sales

-0.12*

-0.09*

-0.06*

-0.13*

-0.17*

-0.16*

  Agriculture

-0.06*

-0.09*

-0.06*

-0.08*

-0.08*

-0.06*

  Others

-0.13*

-0.1*

-0.08*

-0.11*

-0.17*

-0.15*

 Location

  Urban

-0.07*

-0.05*

-0.04*

-0.09*

-0.12*

-0.09*

  Rural

-0.07*

-0.1*

-0.07*

-0.08*

-0.11*

-0.09*

Delivery: government health facility

0.10*

0.10*

0.06*

0.05*

0.07*

0.08*

 Age group

  15-24

0.08*

0.07*

0.06*

0.04*

0.06*

0.07*

  25-49

0.11*

0.11*

0.07*

0.06*

0.08*

0.08*

 Marital status

  Never

0.04

0.1*

0.06*

0.01

0.03

0.03

  Currently / previously

0.11*

0.1*

0.07*

0.05*

0.07*

0.08*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.08*

0.06*

0.04*

0.06*

0.07*

0.08*

  Professional / sales

0.09*

0.07*

0.03*

0.05*

0.08*

0.08*

  Agriculture

0.04*

0.07*

0.06*

0.03

0.05*

0.04*

  Others

0.11*

0.07*

0.06*

0.05*

0.07*

0.07*

 Location

  Urban

0.04*

0.03*

0.01

0.03

0.03*

0.03*

  Rural

0.05*

0.08*

0.06*

0.03*

0.06*

0.06*

Delivery: private health facility

0.04*

0.03*

0.03*

0.06*

0.08*

0.07*

 Age group

  15-24

0.04*

0.02

0.01

0.05*

0.05*

0.05*

  25-49

0.04*

0.03*

0.03*

0.07*

0.09*

0.07*

 Marital status

  Never

0.06

0

0.01

0.09*

0.06*

0.05*

  Currently / previously

0.04*

0.03*

0.03*

0.06*

0.08*

0.07*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.06*

0.06*

0.03

0.06*

0.06*

0.05*

  Professional / sales

0.03*

0.02

0.04*

0.07*

0.09*

0.08*

  Agriculture

0.01*

0.02*

0

0.06*

0.03*

0.01

  Others

0.02*

0.02

0.02

0.06*

0.09*

0.07*

 Location

  Urban

0.03

0.01

0.03*

0.06*

0.09*

0.06*

  Rural

0.01*

0.02*

0.01

0.04*

0.04*

0.03*

Birth assistance: doctor

0.03*

0.04*

0.05*

0.04*

0.06*

0.05*

 Age group

  15-24

0.03*

0.01

0.02

0.03*

0.03*

0.03*

  25-49

0.04*

0.05*

0.06*

0.04*

0.06*

0.06*

 Marital status

  Never

0.06

0.03

0.04*

0.11*

0.03*

0.03*

  Currently / previously

0.03*

0.04*

0.05*

0.03*

0.06*

0.05*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.05*

0.06*

0.03*

0.03*

0.05*

0.04*

  Professional / sales

0.04*

0.04*

0.06*

0.05*

0.07*

0.06*

  Agriculture

0.01*

0.01

0.01

0.04

0.01*

0.02*

  Others

0.04*

0.04*

0.06*

0.03*

0.06*

0.05*

 Location

  Urban

0.04*

0.04*

0.05*

0.05*

0.08*

0.07*

  Rural

0.01

0.02*

0.03*

0.01*

0.02*

0.02*

C Section

0.45*

0.30*

0.31*

0.49*

0.58*

0.49*

 Age group

  15-24

0.37

0.05

0.07

0.22

0.46*

0.33*

  25-49

0.47*

0.34*

0.32*

0.54*

0.59*

0.52*

 Marital status

  Never

0.38

0.26

0.2

0.53

0.57*

0.27

  Currently / previously

0.45*

0.31*

0.32*

0.48*

0.58*

0.5*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.36

0.26

0.15

0.5*

0.6*

0.59*

  Professional / sales

0.45*

0.19*

0.28*

0.44*

0.55*

0.49*

  Agriculture

0.14

0.28

0.11

0.61

0.19

0.28

  Others

0.43

0.25

0.27*

0.45

0.46*

0.43*

 Location

  Urban

0.36*

0.11

0.19*

0.36*

0.41*

0.36*

  Rural

0.14

0.38*

0.3*

0.29

0.52*

0.37*

  1. Note: Magnitudes of regional variation is available in Additional file 1.
  2. *p ≤ 0.01
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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