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Table 3: Concentration Indices with Covariates: Ghana (years 2003, 2008 & 2014) and Nigeria (years 2003, 2008 & 2013)

From: Examining trends in inequality in the use of reproductive health care services in Ghana and Nigeria

Service type / covariate

Ghana

Nigeria

2003

2008

2014

2003

2008

2013

Health worker’s assistance during pregnancy outside a facility

-0.25*

-0.21*

-0.27*

-0.17*

-0.21*

-0.21*

 Age group

  15-24

-0.23*

-0.06

-0.19*

-0.13*

-0.14*

-0.15*

  25-49

-0.26*

-0.25*

-0.29*

-0.19*

-0.23*

-0.23*

 Marital status

  Never

-0.21*

-0.2

-0.2

-0.23

-0.15*

-0.17*

  Currently / previously

-0.25*

-0.21*

-0.28*

-0.17*

-0.21*

-0.21*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

-0.29*

-0.32*

-0.2*

-0.16*

-0.17*

-0.17*

  Professional / sales

-0.35*

-0.2*

-0.29*

-0.19*

-0.28*

-0.26*

  Agriculture

-0.07*

-0.03

-0.08

-0.14*

-0.09*

-0.1*

  Others

-0.29*

-0.24*

-0.23*

-0.18*

-0.23*

-0.23*

 Location

  Urban

-0.3*

-0.18*

-0.19*

-0.22*

-0.27*

-0.24*

  Rural

-0.09*

-0.07*

-0.17*

-0.1*

-0.13*

-0.11*

ANC: nurse assisted

0.29*

0.24*

0.11*

0.33*

0.4*

0.39*

 Age group

  15-24

0.26*

0.19*

0.11*

0.32*

0.4*

0.39*

  25-49

0.3*

0.25*

0.11*

0.33*

0.39*

0.39*

 Marital status

  Never

0.1

0.11*

0.09*

0.15

0.23*

0.16*

  Currently / previously

0.29*

0.24*

0.11*

0.34*

0.4*

0.4*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.26*

0.2*

0.08*

0.46*

0.49*

0.47*

  Professional / sales

0.16*

0.14*

0.04*

0.3*

0.35*

0.38*

  Agriculture

0.21*

0.26*

0.12*

0.28*

0.26*

0.2*

  Others

0.21*

0.14*

0.08*

0.29*

0.4*

0.38*

 Location

  Urban

0.06*

0.06*

0.02

0.16*

0.17*

0.12*

  Rural

0.24*

0.24*

0.12*

0.31*

0.41*

0.43*

ANC: government health facility

-0.02*

-0.03*

-0.04*

-0.04

-0.07*

-0.07*

 Age group

  15-24

-0.01

-0.01

-0.02

-0.04

-0.05*

-0.06*

  25-49

-0.02*

-0.04*

-0.05*

-0.04

-0.07*

-0.07*

 Marital status

  Never

-0.08*

0.02

0

-0.15

-0.03

-0.05

  Currently / previously

-0.02*

-0.03*

-0.04*

-0.04

-0.07*

-0.07*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

-0.01

-0.04*

-0.03*

-0.02

-0.08*

-0.08*

  Professional / sales

-0.02

-0.02

-0.05*

-0.05*

-0.08*

-0.08*

  Agriculture

0

-0.01

0

-0.06

0

-0.01

  Others

-0.03

-0.05*

-0.02

-0.07

-0.1*

-0.09*

 Location

 Urban

-0.03*

-0.01

-0.04*

-0.03

-0.1*

-0.07*

 Rural

0

-0.02*

-0.02*

-0.03

-0.03*

-0.03*

ANC: private health facility

0.24*

0.3*

0.36*

0.2*

0.23*

0.27*

 Age group

  15-24

0.15

0.05

0.21

0.23*

0.21*

0.27*

  25-49

0.27*

0.34*

0.38*

0.19*

0.23*

0.25*

 Marital status

  Never

0.44*

-0.1

0.26

0.37*

0.17

0.17*

  Currently / previously

0.23*

0.33*

0.36*

0.19*

0.23*

0.27*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.12

0.42*

0.27*

0.24*

0.35*

0.37*

  Professional / sales

0.17*

0.16

0.32*

0.18*

0.23*

0.27*

  Agriculture

0.15

0.12

-0.08

0.2

0.01

0.01

  Others

0.19*

0.32*

0.27*

0.24*

0.26*

0.33*

 Location

  Urban

0.17*

0.11

0.26*

0.14*

0.21*

0.17*

  Rural

0.09

0.32*

0.26*

0.18

0.15*

0.21*

ANC: 1st trimester

0.09*

0.09*

0.07*

-0.01

0.03

0.04

 Age group

  15-24

0.08*

0.08

0.05

0.05

-0.03

0.01

  25-49

0.09*

0.09*

0.07*

-0.03

0.04*

0.04

 Marital status

  Never

0.03

0.01

0.08*

0.24

-0.06

0.02

  Currently / previously

0.09*

0.1*

0.07*

-0.02

0.03

0.04

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.13*

0.1*

0.08*

0.07

0.02

0.06

  Professional / sales

0.07*

0.07*

0.05*

-0.05

0.06*

0.04

  Agriculture

0.06*

0.06

0.02

0

0.01

-0.06

  Others

0.04

0.04

0.05*

-0.03

0.1*

0.11*

 Location

  Urban

0.06*

0.08*

0.07*

0.07

0.1*

0.09*

  Rural

0.06*

0.08*

0.07*

-0.06

0.01

0.04*

ANC: +4 tetanus injection

0.05*

0.03*

0.02*

0.23*

0.27*

0.22*

 Age group

  15-24

0.05*

0.04*

0.02*

0.24*

0.28*

0.22*

  25-49

0.05*

0.03*

0.02*

0.23*

0.25*

0.22*

 Marital status

  Never

0.01

0.07*

0.02

0.08

0.1*

0.07*

  Currently / previously

0.05*

0.03*

0.02*

0.24*

0.27*

0.23*

 Maternal occupation

  Not working

0.04

0.06*

0.01

0.33*

0.35*

0.29*

  Professional / sales

0.02*

0.02*

0.01

0.24*

0.23*

0.21*

  Agriculture

0.05*

0.02

0.01

0.14*

0.18*

0.1*

  Others

0.03*

0.03*

0.01

0.21*

0.27*

0.19*

 Location

  Urban

0.01

0.02*

0.01

0.11*

0.09*

0.06*

  Rural

0.03*

0.03*

0.02*

0.2*

0.28*

0.23*

ANC: home

-0.26*

-0.25*

-0.1

-0.23*

-0.15*

0.05

 Age group

  15-24

-0.07

-0.23

0.15

-0.23

-0.08

0.21*

  25-49

-0.3*

-0.26

-0.19

-0.24*

-0.17*

0.01

 Marital status+

  Never

0.08

-

-0.34

-0.31

-0.08

-0.02

  Currently / previously

-0.27*

-

-0.07

-0.22*

-0.16*

0.06

 Maternal occupation+

  Not working

-0.22

-

0.21

-0.33

-0.22*

0.05

  Professional / sales

-0.27

-

-0.13

-0.22

-0.14*

0.09

  Agriculture

-0.24

-

-0.06

0.05

0.01

0.11

  Others

-0.43

-

-0.53

-0.24

-0.07

0.13

 Location+

  Urban

-0.41

-

-0.18

-0.29*

-0.13

-0.02

  Rural

-0.1

-

0.03

-0.12

-0.09*

0.11

  1. Note: Magnitudes of regional variation is available in Additional file 1.
  2. *p ≤ 0.01
  3. +In 2008 the mean value of outcome is undefined.
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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