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Table 1 Crude risk ratios of maternal wantedness of pregnancy and perceptions as risk factors for maternal depressive symptoms

From: Unintended pregnancy is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among socio-economically disadvantaged women in rural Bangladesh

 

Prenatal depressive symptoms

N = 1201 (8.2%)

Postnatal depressive symptoms

N = 3965 (12.6%)

 

Total (%)/Cases (%)

RR [95% CI]

Total (%)/ Cases(%)

RR [95% CI]

PREGNANCY INTENTIONS

 Maternal pregnancy wantedness

  Wanted now

7835 (58.5)/563 (6.7)

Reference

15,647 (57.1)/2015 (11.4)

Reference

  Mistimed

4091 (30.5)/372 (8.3)

1.21* [1.07, 1.37]

8352 (30.5)/1110 (11.7)

1.02 [0.95, 1.10]

  Not wanted

1474 (11.0)/266 (15.3)

2.32* [2.02, 2.66]

3393 (12.4)/834 (19.7)

1.73* [1.60, 1.87]

 Perceived paternal pregnancy wantedness

  Wanted now

8868 (66.8)/701 (7.3)

Reference

17,218 (63.3)/2285 (11.7)

Reference

  Mistimed

3129 (23.6)/261 (7.7)

1.04 [0.91, 1.20]

6875 (25.3)/872 (11.3)

0.97 [0.90, 1.04]

  Not wanted

1272 (9.6)/223 (14.9)

2.06* [1.80, 2.37]

3118 (11.5)/768 (19.8)

1.70* [1.57, 1.83]

 Parental discordance of pregnancy wantedness

  Unwanted by mother/perceived as unwanted by husband

3975 (30.0)/440 (10.0)

1.52* [1.34, 1.72]

9325 (34.3)/1527 (14.1)

1.26* [1.18, 1.34]

  Unwanted by mother/perceived as wanted by husband

1497 (11.3)/186 (11.1)

1.62* [1.38, 1.90]

2285 (8.4)/396 (14.8)

1.26* [1.13, 1.39]

  Wanted by mother/perceived as unwanted by husband

425 (3.2)/44 (9.4)

1.36* [1.01, 1.83]

666 (2.4)/113 (14.5)

1.23* [1.03, 1.48]

  Wanted by mother/perceived as wanted by husband

7363 (55.5)/515 (6.5)

Reference

14,925 (54.9)/1889 (11.2)

Reference

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

 Maternal education

  None

5175 (38.6)/620 (10.7)

2.87* [2.17, 3.81]

12,447 (45.4)/2154 (14.8)

1.83* [1.59, 2.10]

  1–9

7143 (53.2)/538 (7.0)

1.82* [1.37, 2.40]

12,844 (46.8)/1620 (11.2)

1.36* [1.18, 1.57]

   ≥ 10

1102 (8.2)/42 (3.7)

Reference

2136 (7.8)/187 (8.1)

Reference

 Living standard index

  1st quartile (poor)

2439 (18.2)/294 (10.8)

1.73* [1.48, 2.02]

6672 (24.3)/1179 (15.0)

1.47* [1.35, 1.61]

  2nd

3276 (24.4)/333 (9.2)

1.52* [1.31, 1.77]

6831 (24.9)/1045 (13.3)

1.32* [1.20, 1.44]

  3rd

3689 (27.5)/307 (7.7)

1.24* [1.06, 1.45]

6917 (25.2)/940 (12.0)

1.18* [1.09, 1.29]

  4th quartile (rich)

4023 (30.0)/267 (6.2)

Reference

7016 (25.6)/797 (10.2)

Reference

 Maternal age (yrs)

   ≤ 19

5742 (42.8)/430 (7.0)

Reference

11,522 (42.0)/1340 (10.4)

Reference

  20–29

6332 (47.2)/536 (7.8)

1.15* [1.03, 1.30]

13,097 (47.7)/1926 (12.8)

1.25* [1.17, 1.33]

   ≥ 30

1343 (10.0)/235 (14.9)

2.22* [1.90, 2.59]

2821 (10.3)/699 (19.9)

1.93* [1.78, 2.10]

 Previous births

  Zero

6252 (46.6)/437 (6.5)

Reference

11,209 (40.9)/1245 (10.0)

Reference

   ≥ 1

7176 (53.4)/764 (9.6)

1.51* [1.35, 1.69]

16,226 (59.1)/2717 (14.3)

1.44* [1.35, 1.53]

 Maternal literacy

  Yes

6969 (51.9)/435 (5.9)

Reference

12,994 (47.4)/1487 (10.3)

Reference

  No

6458 (48.1)/766 (10.6)

1.82* [1.63, 2.05]

14,442 (52.6)/2474 (14.6)

1.43* [1.34, 1.51]

 Maternal employment

  Yes

3008 (22.4)/240 (7.4)

0.90 [0.79, 1.02]

4428 (16.1)/661 (13.0)

1.00 [0.92, 1.08]

  No

10,419 (77.6)/961 (8.4)

Reference

23,008 (83.9)/3300 (12.5)

Reference

 Religion

  Non-Muslim

1145 (8.5)/90 (7.3)

Reference

2219 (8.1)/281 (11.2)

Reference

  Muslim

12,281 (91.5)/1111 (8.3)

1.13 [0.91, 1.42]

25,217 (91.9)/3680 (12.7)

1.17* [1.02, 1.35]

HEALTH-RELATED INDICES

 Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)

   < 21.5

2705 (20.2)/264 (8.9)

1.13* [1.00, 1.28]

6517 (23.9)/1057 (14.0)

1.16* [1.09, 1.23]

   ≥ 21.5

10,700 (79.8)/934 (8.0)

Reference

20,796 (76.1)/2884 (12.2)

Reference

 Anemia during pregnancy

  Yes

4081 (30.4)/629 (13.3)

2.28* [2.04, 2.56]

8648 (31.6)/1769 (17.0)

1.61* [1.51, 1.70]

  No

9341 (69.6)/571 (5.8)

Reference

18,697 (68.4)/2177 (10.4)

Reference

 Infections

  None

12,069 (89.9)/979 (7.5)

Reference

24,844 (90.8)/3323 (11.8)

Reference

  At least one or both

1354 (10.1)/221 (14.0)

1.79* [1.55, 2.06]

2505 (9.2)/624 (19.9)

1.61* [1.49, 1.74]

 Vitamin supplementation

  Vitamin A (Z)

4386 (32.7)/424 (8.8)

1.07 [0.86, 1.34]

9144 (33.3)/1332 (12.7)

1.00 [0.86, 1.17]

  Beta-Carotene (X)

4532 (33.8)/378 (7.7)

0.94 [0.76, 1.16]

9168 (33.4)/1306 (12.5)

0.98 [0.85, 1.13]

  Placebo (Y)

4510 (33.6)/399 (8.1)

Reference

9145 (33.3)/1327 (12.7)

Reference

 Child sex

  Male

–

–

13,839 (50.4)/2010 (12.7)

1.01 [0.96, 1.06]

  Female

–

–

13,618 (49.6)/1955 (12.6)

Reference

  1. *indicates P < 0.05
  2. Analyses at six months postpartum are restricted to mothers who had singleton births. All models are adjusted for geographic sector
  3. The total sample size for the prenatal depressive symptoms analysis was 14,629. The number of missing observations were: maternal pregnancy wantedness = 28; perceived paternal pregnancy wantedness = 175; perception of couple pregnancy discordance = 184; maternal education = 9; assets index, maternal literacy and maternal employment were missing one observation each; maternal age = 11; religion = 2; MUAC = 26; anemia = 7; infection = 6; None were missing from the parity or vitamin supplementation group
  4. The total sample size for postnatal depressive symptoms analysis was 31,422. The number of missing observations were: maternal pregnancy wantedness = 71; perceived paternal pregnancy wantedness = 286; perception of couple pregnancy discordance = 296; maternal education = 34; assets index = 25; maternal age = 17; parity, maternal literacy, maternal employment, and religion were missing 25; MUAC = 168; anemia = 131; infection = 126; None were missing from the vitamin supplementation group or child sex
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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