Table 5 Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care among women giving birth in Manitoba from 2004/05 to 2008/09, compared to women having intermediate or adequate prenatal care, using multivariable logistic regression (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] and 95% confidence intervals [CI])
Variable | Model 1* (N = 64,166) | Model 2** (N = 55,048) |
|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Marital status | ||
 Single parent | 1.85 (1.69–2.02) | 1.47 (1.33–1.63) |
 Married/partnered | Reference | Reference |
 Unknown | 3.08 (2.89–3.03) | 2.24 (1.93–2.59) |
On Income Assistance | ||
 Yes | 2.15 (2.00–2.30) | 1.81 (1.65–1.98) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Income Quintile -neighborhood | ||
 Q1 (lowest) | 1.92 (1.72–2.13) | 1.60 (1.14–1.82) |
 Q2 | 1.65 (1.47–1.84) | 1.34 (1.18–1.52) |
 Q3 | 1.27 (1.13–1.44) | 1.12 (0.99–1.28) |
 Q4 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) |
 Q5 (highest) | Reference | Reference |
Age Group | ||
 12–17 years | 1.96 (1.70–2.27) | 2.04 (1.68–2.48) |
 18–19 years | 1.60 (1.41–1.80) | 1.50 (1.28–1.76) |
 20–24 years | 1.32 (1.22–1.43) | 1.31 (1.19–1.44) |
 25–29 years | Reference | Reference |
 30–34 years | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) |
 35+ | 0.98 (0.88 1.10) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) |
Region of Residence | ||
 North | 2.72 (2.52–2.98) | 2.53 (2.21–2.98) |
 South Rural | 1.15 (1.41–1.62) | 1.30 (1.19–1.41) |
 Urban (Winnipeg/Brandon) | Reference | Reference |
Maternal Age at First Birth | ||
  < 20 years | 1.38 (1.28–1.49) | 1.32 (1.20–1.45) |
 20+ years | Reference | Reference |
Number of births | ||
 Multiple birth | 0.40 (0.29–0.56) | 0.52 (0.35–0.75) |
 Singleton birth | Reference | Reference |
Parity | ||
 0–3 | Reference | Reference |
 4+ | 2.29 (2.09–2.50) | 2.59 (2.31–2.91) |
Inter-Pregnancy Interval | ||
  < 180 days | 3.11 (2.79–3.48) | 3.47 (3.01–4.01) |
 180–365 days | 2.26 (2.06–2.50) | 2.45 (2.17–2.77) |
 366+ days | 1.48 (1.37–1.61) | 1.53 (1.39–1.69) |
 First child | Reference | Reference |
Diabetes | ||
 Yes | 0.47 (0.41–0.53) | 0.50 (0.41–0.61) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Hypertension | ||
 Yes | 0.76 (0.66–0.85) | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Antepartum hemorrhage | ||
 Yes | 0.71 (0.63–0.81) | 0.71 (0.60–0.83) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Maternal psychological distress | ||
 Yes | 0.80 (0.79–0.85) | 0.76 (0.69–0.83) |
 No | Reference | Reference |
Education | ||
 Less than Grade 12 | – | 1.93 (1.76–2.12) |
 High school or better | – | Reference |
 Unknown | – | 1.53 (1.33–1.76) |
Social isolation | ||
 Yes | – | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) |
 No | – | Reference |
Smoking, alcohol and/or illicit drug use during pregnancy | ||
 Yes | – | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) |
 No | – | Reference |
 Unknown | – | 1.03 (0.87–1.23) |