Table 2 Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of women with T1D and T2D from the chart review
| Variables | T1D | T2D | P-value* |
T1D Melbourne (n = 107) [29] | Background population in NSWd (2010) [28] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 28.6 (5.6) | 32.9 (5.2) | < 0.001 | 29.3 (5.3) | 30.8 |
| n = 99 | n = 53 | n = 46 | |||
| BMIa (Kg/m2), mean (SD)c | 25.8 (5.2) | 35.4 (8.1) | < 0.001 |
27.3 (5.0) -- | |
| n = 93 | n = 48 | n = 45 | |||
| Gravida, n (SD)** | 2.6 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.2) | 0.17 | – | |
| n = 98 | n = 53 | n = 45 | |||
| Parity, n (SD)** | 1.0 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.4) | 0.09 | – | |
| n = 98 | n = 53 | n = 45 | |||
| Country of birth, n (%)** | 0.07*** | ||||
| Australia | 13 (35.1) | 8 (19.1) | 95 (89) | 67.3% | |
| European descent | 16 (43.2) | 12 (28.6) | – | – | |
| India/Bangladesh | 1 (2.7) | 5 (11.9) | – | 3.5% | |
| Aboriginal | 2 (5.4) | 5 (11.9) | – | 3.3% | |
| Others | 5 (13.5) | 12 (28.6) | – | 25.9% | |
| n = 79 | n = 37 | n = 42 | |||
| Family history of diabetes, n (%)** | 20 (66.7) | 30 (83.3) | 0.30 | – | – |
| n = 66 | n = 30 | n = 36 | |||
| Third-trimester HbA1c** | – | – | |||
| % | 7.0 (1.8) | 6.5 (1.4) | 0.4 | ||
| mmol/mol (SD) | 53.0 (19.7) | 47.5 (15.3) | |||
| n = 76 | n = 39 | n = 37 | |||
| Folic acid, n (%)** | 0.4*** | ||||
| Nil | 13 (36.1) | 9 (30.0) | |||
| < 5 mg | 7 (19.4) | 8 (26.7) | |||
| 5 mg | 8 (22.2) | 10 (33.3) | |||
| Yes (dosage unknown) | 8 (22.2) | 3 (10.0) | |||
| n = 66 | n = 36 | n = 30 | |||
| Treatment before pregnancy, n (%)** | < 0.001*** | ||||
| Diet alone | 0 | 4 (9.4) | |||
| Tablets | 0 | 11 (26.2) | |||
| Metformin | 0 | 8 (19.0) | |||
| Gliclazide | 0 | 3 (7.1) | |||
| Janumet (Metformin + Sitagliptin) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | |||
| Insulin | 51(96.2) | 16 (38.1) | |||
| Insulin + Metformin | 2 (3.8) | 7 (16.7) | |||
| Nil | 0 | 4 (9.4) | |||
| n = 95 | n = 53 | n = 42 | |||
| Treatment during pregnancy, n (%)** | 0.003*** | ||||
| Insulin | 38 (92.7) | 32 (78.1) | |||
| Metformin | 1 (2.4) | 2 (4.9) | |||
| Insulin & metformin | 1 (2.4) | 5 (12.2) | |||
| CSIIb | 1 (2.4) | 0 | |||
| Insulin only at labour | 0 | 1 (2.4) | |||
| Total | 41 (100) | 40 (97.6) | |||
| n = 82 | n = 41 | n = 41 | |||
| Retinopathy screening, n (%)** | 0.06*** | ||||
| Yes | 18 (64.3) | 9 (39.1) | |||
| No | 10 (43.5) | 14 (60.9) | |||
| n = 55 | n = 29 | n = 26 | |||
| Thyroid disease, n (%)** | 0.8*** | ||||
| Yes | 6 (12.0) | 5 (11.9) | |||
| No | 42 (84) | 36 (85.7) | |||
| n = 89 | n = 48 | n = 41 | |||
| Delivery methodsb, n (%)** | 0.005*** | ||||
| Vaginal | 12 (24.5) | 18 (41.9) | |||
| Elective CSc | 17 (34.7) | 13 (30.2) | |||
| Emergency CSc | 11 (22.5) | 9 (20.9) | |||
| Vacuum | 3 (6.1) | 4 (9.3) | |||
| n = 87 | n = 43 | n = 44 | |||
| Pregnancy outcomesϕ, n (%)** | |||||
| Neonatal Hypoglycaemia | 9 (36.0) | 3 (12.5) | 0.12 | – | – |
| n = 49 | n = 25 | n = 24 | |||
| Any congenital malformations | 4 (9.1) | 7 (15.6) | 0.25 | 4 (4) | 775 (0.8) |
| Major | 4 (9.1) | 4 (8.9) | 0.55 | – | – |
| Minor | 0 | 4 (8.9) | – | – | – |
| n = 89 | n = 44 | n = 45 | |||
| Hypertension | 11 (24.4) | 10 (22.2) | 0.25 | 2 (2) | 6357 (6.7) |
| n = 90 | n = 45 | n = 45 | |||
| Pre-eclampsia | 6 (12.2) | 4 (10.3) | 0.84 | 5 (5) | – |
| n = 88 | n = 49 | n = 39 | |||
| Macrosomia (birthweight> 4000 g) | 17 (34.7) | 11 (24.4) | 0.50ϒ | 47 (44) | – |
| n = 94 | n = 49 | n = 45 | |||
| Stillbirth | 0 | 0 | – | 7 (7) | 555 (0.6) |
| n = 88 | n = 48 | n = 40 | – | – | |
| Miscarriage | 4 (8.0) | 0 | – | ||
| n = 94 | n = 50 | n = 44 | |||