Table 1 Construction of study categories and study themes

- Repeated examination and examination without finding notification

- Ignoring or undermining pain

- Being told bad news

- Inconsistent information

- Shouting and insulting

- Restraining for long

- Being infantilized

- Undermine woman’s feeling and experiences

Losing control of the childbirth process

- Shifts bring difference

- Disallowed to have companionship

- Admitted against consensus

- No assistance near by

- Obliged to do self-care

- Care against will

- Privacy as time dependent

- Humilating/degrading

- Declined to be examined

- Care provider preference

- Noticed institution difference

- Short stay at health facility

- Not willing to use the service again

- Projecting the outcome

- Fear of being hurt related to negligence and incompetence

- Felt ok for stayed short in institution

Reactions of care recipients to the care received during labour and delivery

- Unhygienic latrine

- Staff work burden

- Scarcity of running water

- Staff shortage

Resource scarcity as contributor to disrespectful and abusive care