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Table 2 Variables associated with prenatal depressive symptoms, Ethiopia, 2016

From: The role of nutrition, intimate partner violence and social support in prenatal depressive symptoms in rural Ethiopia: community based birth cohort study

Variables

Depressive Symptoms

Number (%)

Unadjusted OR (95%CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

p-value

Age

Less than 25 years

139 (8.6)

0.59 (0.39–0.90)

0.01

0.77 (0.47–1.26)

0.294

25–35 years

335 (11.8)

0.85 (0.57–1.25)

0.41

0.85 (0.55–1.32)

0.474

Above 35 years

32 (13.7)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Religion

Orthodox

71 (6.7)

0.91 (0.58–1.42)

0.68

0.80 (0.54–1.19)

0.272

Protestant & Catholic

29 (6.1)

2.05 (1.58–2.67)

< 0.001

0.85 (0.50–1.45)

0.557

Muslim

405 (12.9)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Marital status

Married

477 (10.4)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Unmarried

29 (26.9)

3.15 (2.04–4.87)

< 0.001

2.65 (1.59–4.44)

< 0.001

Education

Primary or below

465 (11.4)

1.77 (1.27–2.46)

< 0.001

1.07 (0.74–1.56)

0.707

Above primary

41 (6.8)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Family size

Less than five

198 (8.9)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Five or more

308 (12.5)

1.46 (1.21–1.76)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.08–1.71)

0.010

Wealth index

Lowest

90 (9.7)

0.81 (0.60–1.08)

0.148

  

Second

125 (13.1)

1.13 (0.86–1.48)

0.397

  

Middle

78 (9.0)

0.74 (0.55–1.01)

0.059

  

Fourth

103 (10.4)

0.87 (0.66–1.16)

0.354

  

Highest

110 (11.8)

1.0

   

Address

Gomma

209 (13.4)

2.26 (1.76–2.90)

< 0.001

3.04 (2.04–4.53)

< 0.001

Tiro-Afeta

197 (12.6)

2.11 (1.64–2.71)

< 0.001

2.02 (1.34–3.05)

0.001

Woliso

100 (6.4)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Household Food Insecurity

Secure

76 (4.8)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Mildly insecure

29 (4.8)

1.02 (0.66–1.56)

0.309

0.84 (0.54–1.31)

0.445

Moderately insecure

183 (9.9)

2.21 (1.67–2.91)

0.001

1.74 (1.31–2.32)

< 0.001

Severely insecure

218 (34.4)

10.51(7.92–13.94)

< 0.001

7.90 (5.87–10.62)

< 0.001

Fasting

Yes

256 (10.5)

1.0

   

No

250 (11.1)

1.06 (0.88–1.27)

0.539

  

Haemoglobin

Concentration

11 g/dl or more

325 (9.5)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Less than 11 g/dl

181 (14.2)

1.58 (1.30–1.91)

< 0.001

1.30 (1.04–1.61)

0.019

Mid-upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)

Greater or equal to 23 cm

270 (9.7)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Less than 23 cm

236 (12.4)

1.31 (1.09–1.57)

0.005

0.96 (0.78–1.18)

0.692

Chat chewing

Yes

104 (15.1)

1.58 (1.26–2.00)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.72–1.23)

0.638

No

402 (10.1)

1.0

 

1.0

 

Nutrition Related knowledge

Yes

43 (13.7)

1.0

   

No

463 (10.6)

0.75 (0.54–1.05)

0.094

  

Maternal social support

Good support

185 (7.4)

1.0

 

1.0

< 0.001

Poor support

321 (14.6)

2.13 (1.76–2.58)

< 0.001

1.63 (1.31–2.02)

Intimate partner violence

Yes

69 (29.7)

3.38 (2.59–4.42)

< 0.001

3.08 (2.23–4.25)

< 0.001

No

437 (9.8)

1.0

 

1.0