Table 1 Characteristics of the study population. Continuous and categorical variables were stratified by the prevalence of GDM (univariate analysis)
Variable | Total | Without GDM | With GDMa | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous variables | ||||
 Maternal age, years (n) | 27 (4542) | 27 (4317) | 29 (225) | p < 0.001 |
 BMIc before pregnancy, kg/m2 (n) | 22.5 (4010) | 22.3 (3814) | 24.9 (196) | p < 0.001 |
 GWGd, kg (n) | 15 (3984) | 15 (3789) | 13 (195) | p = 0.018 |
 Income, € (n) | 1060 (2497) | 1060 (2361) | 1060 (136) | p = 0.407 |
Categorical variables | ||||
 Nulliparous, n (%) | 2106 (46.4) | 2023 (46.8) | 83 (37.1) | p = 0.024 |
 Current smoker (n = 3908) | 732 (18.7) | 702 (18.9) | 30 (16.0) | p = 0.318 |
 Alcohol use during pregnancy (n = 4008) | 968 (24.2) | 935 (24.5) | 33 (17.0) | p = 0.017 |
BMI before pregnancy (n = 4010) | ||||
 Underweight (< 19), n (%) | 428 (10.7) | 419 (11.0) | 9 (4.59) | p < 0.001 |
 Normal weight (19–24.99), n (%) | 2477 (61.8) | 2386 (62.6) | 91 (46.4) | |
 Overweight (25–29.99), n (%) | 719 (17.9) | 671 (17.6) | 48 (24.5) | |
 Obese (> = 30), n (%) | 386 (9.63) | 338 (8.86) | 48 (24.5) | |
Education level (n = 3955) | ||||
 Low, n (%) | 600 (15.2) | 569 (15.1) | 31 (15.8) | p = 0.845 |
 Middle, n (%) | 2052 (51.9) | 1947 (51.8) | 105 (53.6) | |
 Mid-high, n (%) | 735 (18.6) | 699 (18.6) | 36 (18.4) | |
 High, n (%) | 568 (14.4) | 544 (14.5) | 24 (12.2) | |
 Positive vaginal swab test (n = 3886) | 594 (15.3) | 543 (14.8) | 51 (24.8) | p < 0.001 |
 Preeclampsia (n = 4548) | 108 (2.37) | 103 (2.38) | 5 (2.22) | p = 0.878 |