Breastfeeding | Formula feeding (n = 161) | Mixed feeding (N = 27) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | |||
Triceps SFT z-scoresa | Model 1 | REF | 0.07 (−0.24 to 0.39) | 0.64 | 0.00 (− 0.36 to 0.37) | 0.98 |
Model 2 | 0.20 (−0.39 to 0.79) | 0.51 | 0.47 (− 0.19 to 1.13) | 0.16 | ||
Subscapular SFT z-scoresa | Model 1 | REF | −0.10 (− 0.41 to 0.21) | 0.53 | 0.21 (− 0.14 to 0.57) | 0.23 |
Model 2 | 0.03 (−0.55 to 0.62) | 0.91 | 0.37 (−0.27 to 1.01) | 0.25 | ||
Sum of skinfold thicknesses (mm) | Model 1 | REF | −0.04 (− 0.92 to 0.84) | 0.93 | 0.37 (−1.27 to 2.00) | 0.66 |
Model 2 | −0.33 (− 0.64 to 1.29) | 0.51 | 1.44 (− 0.30 to 3.19) | 0.10 | ||
Total body fat estimation (%) ^ | Model 1 | REF | 0.04 (−1.15 to 1.07) | 0.94 | 0.47 (−1.61 to 2.54) | 0.66 |
Model 2 | −0.44 (−0.78 to 1.65) | 0.48 | 1.84 (−0.37 to 4.04) | 0.10 | ||
Weight z-scoresa | Model 1 | REF | 0.10 (−0.13 to 0.33) | 0.39 | 0.05 (−0.38 to 0.47) | 0.82 |
Model 2 | 0.26 (0.01 to 0.52) | 0.04** | 0.21 (−0.25 to 0.67) | 0.37 | ||
BMI z-scoresa | Model 1 | REF | 0.13 (−0.24 to 0.51) | 0.49 | 0.24 (−0.46 to 0.94) | 0.50 |
Model 2 | 0.23 (−0.21 to 0.67) | 0.31 | 0.52 (− 0.28 to 1.32) | 0.20 | ||
Length z-scoresa | Model 1 | REF | −0.01 (− 0.39 to 0.38) | 0.97 | − 0.34 (−1.05 to 0.38) | 0.35 |
Model 2 | −0.26 (− 1.9 to 0.71) | 0.26 | − 0.30 (− 1.11 to 0.51) | 0.46 | ||
Arm circumference z-scores a | Model 1 | REF | 0.04 (− 0.18 to 0.27) | 0.70 | 0.31 (−0.11 to 0.72) | 0.15 |
Model 2 | 0.10 (−0.16 to 0.36) | 0.46 | 0.52 (0.05 to 1.00) | 0.03** | ||
Rate of weight gain (kg/ month) | Model 1 | REF | 0.03 (−0.00 to 0.05) | 0.07 | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.08) | 0.39 |
Model 2 | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) | 0.04** | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.09) | 0.41 | ||
Rate of length gain (cm/month) | Model 1 | REF | 0.07 (−0.10 to 0.25) | 0.40 | 0.05 (−0.26 to 0.36) | 0.76 |
Model 2 | 0.15 (−0.07 to 0.37) | 0.18 | 0.01 (−0.35 to 0.37) | 0.96 | ||
BMI z-scores ≥85th a | Model 1 | REF | 0.99 (0.48 to 2.05) | 0.97 | 1.61 (0.49 to 5.27) | 0.43 |
Model 2 | 0.92 (0.35 to 2.40) | 0.87 | 2.28 (0.54 to 9.65) | 0.26 | ||
BMI z-scores ≥95th a | Model 1 | REF | 1.58 (0.51 to 4.94) | 0.43 | 2.40 (0.44 to 13.05) | 0.31 |
Model 2 | 2.45 (0.59 to 10.2) | 0.22 | 2.22 (0.21 to 23.64) | 0.51 | ||
Catch up growth a | Model 1 | REF | 1.80 (1.10 to 2.92) | 0.02** | 1.71 (0.71 to 4.15) | 0.24 |
Model 2 | 2.48 (1.31 to 4.71) | 0.01** | 1.75 (0.59 to 5.25) | 0.32 | ||
Catch down growtha | Model 1 | REF | 0.68 (0.41 to 1.13) | 0.14 | 0.55 (0.19 to 1.54) | 0.25 |
Model 2 | 0.62 (0.32 to 1.21) | 0.16 | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.75) | 0.23 |