Breast feeding n = 165 | Formula feeding n = 161 | Mixed feeding n = 27 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD)/ Median (IQR)/ N (%) | Mean (SD)/ Median (IQR)/N (%) | Mean (SD)/Median (IQR)/ N (%) | ||
Maternal | ||||
Age (years) | 32.03 (4.72) | 30.92 (5.45) | 29.56 (5.55) | 0.002 |
Multiparous | 80 (48.48) | 68 (40.48) | 15 (53.57) | 0.220 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 35.87 (4.96) | 37.30 (5.22) | 35.06 (5.41) | 0.01 |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | 101 (61.21) | 131 (81.37) | 19 (70.37) | < 0.001 |
Black | 40 (24.24) | 15 (9.32) | 7 (25.93) | 0.001 |
Asian | 7 (4.24) | 4 (2.48) | 0 (0.00) | 0.412 |
Other | 17 (10.30) | 11 (6.83) | 1 (3.70) | 0.352 |
Current smoker in early pregnancy | 3 (1.82) | 5 (3.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0.054 |
Socioeconomic deprivation | 108 (78.36) | 94 (77.05) | 17 (85.00) | 0.726 |
Gestational diabetesa | 34 (20.61) | 62 (38.51) | 7 (25.93) | 0.002 |
Gestational weight gain (kg)b | 7.19 (4.39) | 7.80 (4.75) | 8.29 (4.37) | 0.339 |
Neonate | ||||
Gestation at delivery (weeks) | 40.29 (39.00 to 41.00) | 39.86 (38.43 to 41.71) | 39.86 (38.86 to 41.00) | 0.077 |
Birthweight (grams) | 3600 (3210 to 3845) | 3428 (3155 to 3760) | 3360 (3140 to 3660) | 0.159 |
Neonatal sum of skinfold thicknesses (mm)^ | 10.77 (2.81) | 10.92 (2.91) | 9.96 (1.78) | 0.429 |
Neonatal abdominal circumference (cm) | 32.17 (2.31) | 32.30 (2.03) | 32.02 (2.31) | 0.867 |
Neonatal arm circumference (cm) | 11.46 (0.99) | 11.62 (1.00) | 11.14 (0.83) | 0.158 |
(log2) Cord blood leptin (ng/ml) | 2.85 (0.70) | 2.72 (0.72) | 2.78 (0.71) | 0.49 |