Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the normal and maternal hyperglycemia (Borderline GDM and GDM groups) groups
From: Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus
Total | Normal | Borderline GDM and GDM | P b | OR (95% CI) | P c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1567) | (n = 840) | (n = 727) | ||||
Maternal age (years), mean ± SD | 33.8 ± 3.9 | 33.9 ± 3.9 | 33.7 ± 4.0 | 0.23 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.35 |
< 35, n (%) | 931 (59.4) | 498 (59.3) | 433 (59.6) | 0.91 | ref | 0.91 |
≥35, n (%) | 636 (40.6) | 342 (40.7) | 294 (40.4) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | ||
Parity, n (%) | 0.11 | 0.11 | ||||
Primipara | 892 (56.9) | 494 (58.8) | 398 (54.7) | ref | ||
Multipara | 675 (43.1) | 346 (41.2) | 329 (45.3) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | ||
Intrauterine hematoma, n (%) | 113 (7.2) | 72 (8.6) | 41 (5.6) | 0.025 | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) | 0.026 |
Gestational age at birth (weeks), mean ± SD | 38.5 ± 1.7 | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 38.2 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.76–0.86) | < 0.001 |
Preterm delivery (before 37 weeks), n (%) | 123 (7.9) | 45 (5.4) | 78 (10.7) | < 0.001 | 2.12 (1.45–3.11) | < 0.001 |
Delivery methods, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Normal delivery | 1015 (64.8) | 588 (70.0) | 427 (58.7) | ref | ||
Operative delivery (vacuum) | 22 (1.4) | 10 (1.2) | 12 (1.7) | 1.65 (0.71–3.86) | 0.25 | |
Primary cesarean section | 246 (15.7) | 121 (14.4) | 125 (17.2) | 1.42 (1.08–1.88) | 0.013 | |
Repeat cesarean section | 284 (18.1) | 121 (14.4) | 163 (22.4) | 1.86 (1.42–2.42) | < 0.001 | |
PROM, n (%) | 267 (17.0) | 148 (17.6) | 119 (16.4) | 0.51 | 0.92 (0.70–1.19) | 0.51 |
PPROM, n (%) | 54 (3.5) | 25 (3.0) | 29 (4.0) | 0.27 | 1.35 (0.79–2.33) | 0.28 |
Preeclampsia, n (%) | 35 (2.2) | 8 (1.0) | 27 (3.7) | < 0.001 | 4.01 (1.81–8.89) | 0.001 |
Placenta previa, n (%) | 35 (2.2) | 17 (2.0) | 18 (2.5) | 0.56 | 1.23 (0.63–2.41) | 0.55 |
Placenta abruption, n (%) | 10 (0.6) | 7 (0.8) | 3 (0.4) | 0.36 | 0.49 (0.13–1.91) | 0.31 |
Still birth, n (%) | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 0.63 | 0.39 (0.04–3.71) | 0.41 |
History of prior GDM, n (%) | 58 (3.7) | 1 (0.1) | 57 (7.8) | < 0.001 | 71.20 (9.86–514.24) | < 0.001 |
50 g OGCT (mmol/L), mean ± SD (n = 1445) a | 134.8 ± 34.3 | 108.7 ± 17.1 | 161.5 ± 25.9 | < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.34–1.50) | < 0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 21.2 ± 3.3 | 20.5 ± 2.4 | 22.1 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 | 1.18 (1.14–1.23) | < 0.001 |
Birth weight (g), mean ± SD | 3186.7 ± 485.0 | 3189.3 ± 456.0 | 3183.6 ± 516.7 | 0.82 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.82 |
SGA, n (%) | 187 (11.9) | 114 (13.6) | 73 (10.0) | 0.032 | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.032 |
AGA, n (%) | 1319 (84.2) | 698 (83.1) | 621 (85.4) | 0.21 | 1.19 (0.91–1.57) | 0.21 |
LGA, n (%) | 61 (3.9) | 28 (3.3) | 33 (4.5) | 0.22 | 1.38 (0.83–2.31) | 0.22 |
Macrosomia, n (%) | 59 (3.8) | 29 (3.5) | 30 (4.1) | 0.48 | 1.20 (0.72–2.03) | 0.48 |
Progesterone therapy | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.4) | 0.10 | 4.46 (0.68-Infinity) | 0.20 |
Insulin therapy | 37 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (5.1) | < 0.001 | 64.23 (14.36-Infinity) | < 0.001 |