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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the normal and GDM groups

From: Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus

 

Total

Normal

GDM

P b

OR (95% CI)

P c

(n = 1087)

(n = 840)

(n = 247)

Maternal age (years), mean ± SD

34.1 ± 3.9

33.9 ± 3.9

34.7 ± 4.0

0.003

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.003

 < 35, n (%)

623 (57.3)

498 (59.3)

125 (50.6)

0.015

ref

0.016

 ≥35, n (%)

464 (42.7)

342 (40.7)

122 (49.4)

1.42 (1.07–1.89)

 

Parity, n (%)

   

0.003

 

0.003

 Primipara

613 (56.4)

494 (58.8)

119 (48.2)

 

ref

 

 Multipara

474 (43.6)

346 (41.2)

128 (51.8)

1.54 (1.16–2.04)

 

Intrauterine hematoma, n (%)

80 (7.4)

72 (8.6)

8 (3.2)

0.005

0.36 (0.17–0.75)

0.007

Gestational age at birth (weeks), mean ± SD

38.6 ± 1.6

38.8 ± 1.4

38.0 ± 2.0

< 0.001

0.74 (0.68–0.82)

< 0.001

Preterm delivery (before 37 weeks), n (%)

78 (7.2)

45 (5.4)

33 (13.4)

< 0.001

2.72 (1.70–4.38)

< 0.001

Delivery methods, n (%)

   

< 0.001

  

 Normal delivery

718 (66.1)

588 (70.0)

130 (52.6)

 

ref

 

 Operative delivery (vacuum)

12 (1.1)

10 (1.2)

2 (0.8)

0.91 (0.20–4.18)

0.90

 Primary cesarean section

170 (15.6)

121 (14.4)

49 (19.8)

1.83 (1.25–2.69)

0.002

 Repeat cesarean section

187 (17.2)

121 (14.4)

66 (26.7)

2.47 (1.73–3.52)

< 0.001

PROM, n (%)

186 (17.1)

148 (17.6)

38 (15.4)

0.41

0.85 (0.58–1.25)

0.41

PPROM, n (%)

38 (3.5)

25 (3.0)

13 (5.3)

0.09

1.81 (0.91–3.60)

0.09

Preeclampsia, n (%)

19 (1.8)

8 (1.0)

11 (4.5)

0.001

4.85 (1.93–12.19)

0.001

Placenta previa, n (%)

27 (2.5)

17 (2.0)

10 (4.0)

0.07

2.04 (0.92–4.52)

0.08

Placenta abruption, n (%)

7 (0.6)

7 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0.36

0.35 (0.00–1.81)

0.33

Still birth, n (%)

3 (0.3)

3 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

> 0.999

0.88 (0.00–5.84)

0.92

History of prior GDM, n (%)

53 (4.9)

1 (0.1)

52 (21.1)

< 0.001

58.4 (37.73- > 999.99)

< 0.001

50 g OGCT (mmol/L), mean ± SD (n = 972) a

124.4 ± 36.2

108.7 ± 17.1

172.1 ± 37.3

< 0.001

1.29 (1.23–1.36)

< 0.001

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD

21.2 ± 3.3

20.5 ± 2.4

23.5 ± 4.4

< 0.001

1.34 (1.27–1.40)

< 0.001

Birth weight (g), mean ± SD

3188.2 ± 480.9

3189.3 ± 456.0

3184.4 ± 558.3

0.97

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

0.89

SGA, n (%)

140 (12.9)

114 (13.6)

26 (10.5)

0.21

0.75 (0.48–1.18)

0.21

AGA, n (%)

903 (83.1)

698 (83.1)

205 (83.0)

0.97

0.99 (0.68–1.45)

0.97

LGA, n (%)

44 (4.1)

28 (3.3)

16 (6.5)

0.028

2.01 (1.07–3.78)

0.030

Macrosomia, n (%)

43 (4.1)

29 (3.5)

14 (5.7)

0.12

1.68 (0.87–3.23)

0.12

Progesterone therapy

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

0.23

3.40 (0.18-Infinity)

0.46

Insulin therapy

36 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

36 (14.6)

< 0.001

203.42 (45.29-Infinity)

< 0.001

  1. SGA small for gestational age: <10th percentile, AGA appropriate for gestational age: 10th–90th percentile, LGA large for gestational age: >90th percentile, Macrosomia Estimated fetal weight ≥ 4 kg [25]
  2. aMissing data are excluded from statistical analyses
  3. bChi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables
  4. cUnivariate logistic regression
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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