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Table 5 Difference in risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with FGM I, II, & III compared with women without FGM in Karamara hospital, Jijiga, eastern Ethiopia, from October to December, 2014

From: Sequela of female genital mutilation on birth outcomes in Jijiga town, Ethiopian Somali region: a prospective cohort study

Type of birth Complication

Number (%)

RR (95% CI)

P value

Prolonged 2nd stage of labour

 No FGM

9(7.1)

1

 

 FGM I

2(5.6)

0.78(0.17–3.46)

0.748

 FGM II

5(11.4)

1.60(0.56–4.52)

0.373

 FGM III

10(17.5)

2.47(1.06–5.76)

0.035

Emergency Caesarean Section

 No FGM

10(7.2)

1

 

 FGM I

5(13.5)

2.00(0.74–5.85)

0.162

 FGM II

7(15.6)

2.40(0.94–6.08)

0.064

 FGM III

14(23.3)

3.60(1.65–7.86)

0.001

Perineal tear

 No FGM

10(7.2)

1

 

 FGM I

4(10.8)

1.49(0.49–4.48)

0.476

 FGM II

8(17.8)

2.45(1.03–5.83)

0.042

 FGM III

21(35.6)

4.91(2.46–9.77)

< 0.001

Outlet obstruction

 No FGM

20(14.4)

1

 

 FGM I

6(16.2)

0.68(0.25–1.85)

0.456

 FGM II

16(35.6)

2.38(1.39–4.08)

0.001

 FGM III

38(46.7)

2.94(1.84–4.71)

< 0.001

Postpartum blood loss

 No FGM

4(2.9)

1

 

 FGM I

1(2.7)

0.93(0.10–8.15)

0.955

 FGM II

3(6.7)

2.31(0.53–9.96)

0.205

 FGM III

11(18.3)

6.37(2.11–19.20)

0.001

APGAR score < 7

 No FGM

7(31.8)

1

 

 FGM I

1(4.5)

0.54(0.06–4.29)

0.548

 FGM II

2(9.1)

0.95 (0.20–4.42)

0.955

 FGM III

12(19.9)

4.41(1.84–10.60)

0.001