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Table 3 Antibiotic use in pregnancy and the risks of childhood asthma stratified by gender

From: The effect of breastfeeding on the risk of asthma in high-risk children: a case-control study in Shanghai, China

Exposure categories

Case N (%)

Control N (%)

OR (95% CI)

aORa (95% CI)

Among boysb (n = 832)

 No antibiotic use in pregnancy

349 (91.4)

436 (96.9)

ref

ref

 Using antibiotics in pregnancy

33 (8.6)

14 (3.1)

2.9 (1.6–5.6)

2.2 (1.1–4.4)

Among girlsb (n = 666)

 No antibiotic use in pregnancy

240 (95.2)

398 (96.1)

ref

ref

 Using antibiotics in pregnancy

12 (4.8)

16 (3.9)

1.2 (0.6–2.7)

1.3 (0.5–3.0)

Among boys

 Exclusively breastfed within the first 6 months of life (n = 437)

  No antibiotic use in pregnancy

185 (94.9)

234 (96.7)

ref

ref

  Using antibiotics in pregnancy

10 (5.1)

8 (3.3)

1.6 (0.6–4.1)

1.0 (0.4–3.1)

 Non - Exclusively breastfed within the first 6 months of life (n = 395)

  No antibiotic use in pregnancy

164 (87.7)

202 (97.1)

ref

ref

  Using antibiotics in pregnancy

23 (12.3)

6 (2.9)

4.7 (1.9–11.9)

4.1 (1.5–10.9)

  1. aadjusted for maternal age at delivery (years), maternal education level (≤9, 10–12, 13–16, ≥17, unknown), child age (years), gestational age at birth (weeks), delivery modes (cesarean delivery, virginal delivery), family history of allergic disorders (no, yes, unknown)
  2. badjusted for exclusive breastfeeding within the first 6 months of life (no, yes) additionally
  3. OR: odds ratios
  4. aOR: adjusted odds ratios