Table 2 Univariate and multivariate interval regression models for the association between maternal pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and hospital costs of childbirth (N = 7564)
Total cost of child birth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I Coefficient (95%CI) | Model II Coefficient (95%CI) | Model III Coefficient (95%CI) | Model IV Coefficient (95%CI) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||
Underweight | −14.84 (−48.04; 18.34) | 0.78 (−32.64; 34.19) | −7.85 (− 34.32; 18.61) | − 4.09 (− 17.15; 8.97) |
Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Overweight | 21.88 (4.46; 39.29)** | 23.62 (5.68; 41.57)** | 9.79 (−5.11; 25.00) | −2.92 (−10.55; 4.70) |
Obese (class I) | 81.59 (48.37; 114.80)** | 86.01 (53.64; 118.37)** | 43.29 (14.39; 72.19)** | −0.37 (−12.25; 11.51) |
Obese (class II and III) | 126.41 (63.51; 189.31)** | 134.13 (72.78; 195.47)** | 55.22 (−2.02; 112.46)* | −1.64 (− 25.03; 21.74) |
Education | ||||
None of these | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
GCSE/A level | – | 19.76 (−0.34; 39.87)* | 12.94 (−4.37; 30.26) | −3.36 (−12.29; 5.57) |
Higher education | – | 41.53 (15.18; 67.89)** | 25.55 (3.62; 47.49)** | −0.82 (−11.02; 9.38) |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | – | 24.89 (7.53; 42.23)** | 20.81 (5.28; 36.34)** | 1.49 (−6.06; 1.11) |
Couple | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Maternal Age | – | 1.32 (−0.28; 2.92) | −0.72 (−2.09; 0.65) | 0.52 (− 0.08; 1.11) |
OECD equivalised income quintile | ||||
1st (lowest) | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
2nd | – | 0.81 (−21.95; 23.58) | −2.76 (− 23.18; 17.66) | −1.71 (−10.85; 7.42) |
3rd | – | 9.48 (−19.06; 38.030 | 7.90 (−17.77; 33.56) | 2.70 (− 5.88; 11.28) |
4th | – | 34.55 (9.24; 59.86)** | 19.55 (−1.30; 40.40)* | −6.17 (− 17.37; 5.02) |
5th (highest) | – | 56.73 (24.26; 89.21)** | 33.96 (4.45; 63.46)** | 2.19 (−9.49; 13.87) |
Ethnicityb | ||||
White | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Mixed/Other | – | 68.75 (13.33; 124.17)** | 45.54 (−3.59; 94.67) | 3.17 (−13.35; 19.69) |
Asian | – | 64.51 (31.11; 97.90)** | 57.11 (30.49; 83.73)** | −0.25 (−18.38; 17.87) |
Black Caribbean or Black African | – | 93.14 (41.99; 144.30)** | 69.75 (30.85; 108.65)** | 16.68 (1.90; 31.46)** |
Government Office Regiona | ||||
North | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Midlands & East | – | 9.33 (−40.88; 59.54) | 10.62 (−33.71; 54.96) | 8.36 (−9.24; 25.96) |
London | −68.82 (−108.87; −28.77)** | −52.61 (−88.24; − 16.97)** | −19.16 (− 49.10; 10.79) | |
South | – | − 14.49 (− 45.19; 16.22) | − 8.76 (− 37.40; 19.88) | −0.92 (− 21.41; 19.67) |
Premature | ||||
No | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 308.40 (268.12; 348.67)** | −3.53 (−22.06; 15.01) | ||
Type of delivery | ||||
Spontaneous | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Forceps | 129.42 (102.86; 155.98)** | 5.40 (−5.33; 16.14) | ||
Caesarean | 330.00 (309.58; 350.42)** | 10.66 (−1.97; 23.30)* | ||
Other | 156.63 (64.70; 248.57)** | 34.12 (21.93; 46.31)** | ||
Parity | ||||
Primiparae | – | – | Ref. | Ref. |
Multiparae | 0.01 (−42; 03; 42.04) | 9.88 (−1.71; 21.48) | ||
Length of Stay (days) | – | – | – | 116 (112.02; 120.22)** |
Constant | 732.79 (716.10; 749.48) | 641.21 (588.35; 694.07) | 619.98 (574.80; 665.17) | 407.12 (383.82; 430.39) |