Maternal overweight is not an independent risk factor for increased birth weight, leptin and insulin in newborns of gestational diabetic women: observations from the prospective ‘EaCH’ cohort study

Table 5 Maternal categorical predictor variables affecting anthropometric birth outcomes and cord-blood hormones

Outcome variable	Predictor variable^a	B (95% CI)	P-value	Adj. Sr²
Placental weight	Mean FG at 32nd GW > 90 mg/dL	0.487 (0.18; 0.80)	0.002	0.057
	Term delivery	0.934 (0.30; 1.57)	0.004	0.040
	Cesarean section	0.424 (0.11; 0.74)	0.008	0.036
Birth weight	Term delivery	1.400 (0.80; 2.00)	< 0.001	0.118
	1-h glucose at oGTT > 180 mg/dL	−0.501 (−0.86; −0.15)	0.006	0.035
	Smoking in pregnancy	−0.561 (− 0.96; − 0.17)	0.006	0.029
	Male sex	0.333 (0.05; 0.62)	0.022	0.023
	Mean FG at 32nd GW >90 mg/dL	0.297 (0.01; 0.59)	0.044	0.017
Relative birth weight	Term delivery	1.457 (0.86; 2.06)	< 0.001	0.121
	Excessive GWG	0.332 (0.04; 0.62)	0.026	0.029
	Smoking in pregnancy	−0.565 (−0.97; −0.16)	0.007	0.025
	Prepregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m²	0.319 (0.02; 0.61)	0.034	0.024
	1-h glucose at oGTT > 180 mg/dL	−0.375 (− 0.74; − 0.01)	0.042	0.016
	Male sex	0.295 (0.01; 0.58)	0.044	0.016
Cord-blood insulin	Cesarean section	0.679 (0.38; 0.97)	< 0.001	0.170
	HbA1c partum > 6%	0.460 (0.09; 0.83)	0.016	0.066
	Non-European ethnicity	0.438 (0.13; 0.75)	0.006	0.043
	Mean FG at 32nd GW >90 mg/dL	0.321 (0.02; 0.63)	0.038	0.020
Cord-blood leptin	HbA1c partum > 6%	0.470 (0.08; 0.86)	0.017	0.070
	Non-European ethnicity	0.519 (0.19; 0.85)	0.002	0.048
	Male sex	−0.395 (−0.71; −0.08)	0.013	0.042
	FG at oGTT >90 mg/dL	0.339 (0.03; 0.65)	0.034	0.025

Unstandardized B coefficients with 95% confidence interval and adjusted semipartial correlation coefficients (Sr²), which estimate the contribution of each factor to the variance of the outcome variable, are shown
Abbreviations: FG Fasting glucose, GW Gestational week, oGTT Oral glucose tolerance test, GWG Gestational weight gain, BMI Body-mass-index, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin A1c
^aIncluded categorical variables: Paternal SES (lower/higher), maternal SES (lower/higher), parity (nulliparous/multiparous), ethnicity (European/Non-European), smoking in pregnancy (no/yes), type of therapy (diet/insulin), mode of delivery (Cesarean section no/yes), gestational age (preterm/term), infant’s sex (female/male), paternal BMI > 25 kg/m² (no/yes), paternal BMI > 30 kg/m² (no/yes), maternal prepregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m² (no/yes), prepregnancy BMI > 30 kg/m² (no/yes), inadequate GWG (no/yes), excessive GWG (no/yes), FG at oGTT > 90 mg/dL (no/yes), 1-h glucose at oGTT > 180 mg/dL (no/yes), 2-h glucose at oGTT > 155 mg/dL (no/yes), mean FG at 32nd weeks’ gestation > 90 mg/dL (no/yes), mean FG at 36th weeks’ gestation > 90 mg/dL (no/yes), HbA1c in third trimester > 6% (no/yes) and partum > 6% (no/yes).

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