Maternal overweight is not an independent risk factor for increased birth weight, leptin and insulin in newborns of gestational diabetic women: observations from the prospective ‘EaCH’ cohort study

Ott, Raffael; Stupin, Jens H.; Loui, Andrea; Eilers, Elisabeth; Melchior, Kerstin; Rancourt, Rebecca C.; Schellong, Karen; Ziska, Thomas; Dudenhausen, Joachim W.; Henrich, Wolfgang; Plagemann, Andreas

doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1889-8

Table 4 Crude and adjusted linear regression analyses for maternal metabolic variables vs. neonatal anthropometric and cord-blood outcome variables

From: Maternal overweight is not an independent risk factor for increased birth weight, leptin and insulin in newborns of gestational diabetic women: observations from the prospective ‘EaCH’ cohort study

Outcome variable	Independent variable	Crude		Adjusted^a
				Model I		Model II
		B (95% CI)	P-value	B (95% CI)	P-value	B (95% CI)	P-value
Placental weight
	FG at oGTT	0.170 (0.03; 0.31)	0.017	0.106 (−0.04; 0.25)	ns	0.072 (− 0.08; 0.22)	ns
	1-h glucose at oGTT	−0.084 (− 0.23; 0.06)	ns	− 0.088 (− 0.23; 0.05)	ns	−0.051 (− 0.19; 0.09)	ns
	2-h glucose at oGTT	0.046 (−0.10; 0.19)	ns	0.065 (−0.08; 0.21)	ns	0.080 (−0.07; 0.23)	ns
	AUC glucose at oGTT	−0.034 (− 0.18; 0.11)	ns	− 0.037 (− 0.19; 0.11)	ns	−0.008 (− 0.16; 0.14)	ns
	Mean FG at 32nd GW	0.250 (0.11; 0.39)	0.001	0.231 (0.07; 0.39)	0.006	0.197 (0.03; 0.36)	0.021
	Mean PPG at 32nd GW	0.300 (0.16; 0.44)	< 0.001	0.265 (0.11; 0.42)	0.001	0.234 (0.08; 0.39)	0.003
	Mean FG at 36th GW	0.145 (−0.00; 0.29)	ns	0.125 (− 0.03; 0.28)	ns	0.071 (− 0.09; 0.23)	ns
	Mean PPG at 36th GW	0.218 (0.07; 0.37)	0.005	0.215 (0.06; 0.37)	0.008	0.179 (0.02; 0.34)	0.040
	HbA1c in 3.trimester	0.220 (0.08; 0.36)	0.003	0.192 (0.04; 0.35)	0.015	0.141 (−0.02; 0.31)	ns
	HbA1c partum	0.222 (0.08; 0.37)	0.003	0.151 (−0.00; 0.30)	ns	0.106 (−0.05; 0.27)	ns
Birth weight
	FG at oGTT	0.094 (−0.05; 0.23)	ns	0.052 (−0.08; 0.19)	ns	0.062 (− 0.08; 0.20)	ns
	1-h glucose at oGTT	−0.142 (− 0.28; − 0.00)	0.044	−0.091 (− 0.22; 0.04)	ns	−0.059 (− 0.19; 0.07)	ns
	2-h glucose at oGTT	−0.049 (− 0.19; 0.09)	ns	0.016 (− 0.12; 0.15)	ns	0.045 (− 0.09; 0.18)	ns
	AUC glucose at oGTT	−0.126 (− 0.27; 0.02)	ns	− 0.057 (− 0.19; 0.08)	ns	− 0.014 (− 0.15; 0.12)	ns
	Mean FG at 32nd GW	0.157 (0.01; 0.30)	0.032	0.147 (− 0.00; 0.30)	ns	0.120 (−0.03; 0.27)	ns
	Mean PPG at 32nd GW	0.295 (0.15; 0.44)	< 0.001	0.259 (0.12; 0.40)	< 0.001	0.233 (0.09; 0.38)	0.002
	Mean FG at 36th GW	0.125 (−0.02; 0.27)	ns	0.118 (−0.02; 0.26)	ns	0.080 (−0.06; 0.22)	ns
	Mean PPG at 36th GW	0.161 (0.01; 0.31)	0.033	0.171 (0.03; 0.32)	0.020	0.111 (−0.04; 0.26)	ns
	HbA1c in 3.trimester	0.141 (0.00; 0.28)	0.048	0.146 (0.01; 0.29)	0.040	0.112 (−0.04; 0.26)	ns
	HbA1c partum	0.218 (0.08; 0.36)	0.003	0.186 (0.05; 0.32)	0.008	0.176 (0.03; 0.32)	0.016
Relative birth weight
	FG at oGTT	0.108 (−0.03; 0.25)	ns	0.031 (− 0.11; 0.17)	ns	0.034 (− 0.11; 0.17)	ns
	1-h glucose at oGTT	−0.108 (− 0.25; 0.03)	ns	− 0.074 (− 0.20; 0.06)	ns	−0.046 (− 0.18; 0.09)	ns
	2-h glucose at oGTT	0.005 (−0.14; 0.15)	ns	0.050 (−0.09; 0.18)	ns	0.088 (−0.05; 0.22)	ns
	AUC glucose at oGTT	−0.080 (− 0.22; 0.06)	ns	− 0.039 (− 0.18; 0.10)	ns	0.003 (− 0.14; 0.14)	ns
	Mean FG at 32nd GW	0.193 (0.05; 0.34)	0.008	0.142 (−0.01; 0.29)	ns	0.105 (−0.05; 0.26)	ns
	Mean PPG at 32nd GW	0.319 (0.18; 0.46)	< 0.001	0.285 (0.14; 0.43)	< 0.001	0.241 (0.09; 0.39)	0.002
	Mean FG at 36th GW	0.174 (0.03; 0.32)	0.017	0.139 (−0.00; 0.28)	ns	0.098 (−0.05; 0.24)	ns
	Mean PPG at 36th GW	0.175 (0.03; 0.32)	0.019	0.164 (0.02; 0.31)	0.030	0.097 (−0.06; 0.25)	ns
	HbA1c in 3.trimester	0.214 (0.08; 0.35)	0.002	0.202 (0.06; 0.34)	0.006	0.162 (0.01; 0.31)	0.037
	HbA1c partum	0.269 (0.13; 0.41)	< 0.001	0.217 (0.08; 0.35)	0.002	0.196 (0.05; 0.34)	0.008
Cord-blood insulin
	FG at oGTT	0.114 (−0.04; 0.27)	ns	0.018 (−0.14; 0.18)	ns	0.012 (−0.15; 0.18)	ns
	1-h glucose at oGTT	0.039 (−0.12; 0.20)	ns	−0.027 (− 0.18; 0.13)	ns	0.003 (− 0.15; 0.16)	ns
	2-h glucose at oGTT	0.047 (−0.11; 0.20)	ns	0.037 (−0.11; 0.19)	ns	0.065 (−0.09; 0.22)	ns
	AUC glucose at oGTT	0.041 (−0.12; 0.20)	ns	−0.012 (− 0.17; 0.14)	ns	0.026 (− 0.14; 0.19)	ns
	Mean FG at 32nd GW	0.241 (0.08; 0.40)	0.004	0.243 (0.07; 0.41)	0.005	0.231 (0.06; 0.41)	0.010
	Mean PPG at 32nd GW	0.225 (0.07; 0.38)	0.005	0.116 (−0.04; 0.28)	ns	0.085 (−0.08; 0.25)	ns
	Mean FG at 36th GW	0.224 (0.07; 0.38)	0.006	0.194 (0.04; 0.35)	0.012	0.172 (0.01; 0.33)	0.035
	Mean PPG at 36th GW	0.143 (−0.02; 0.31)	ns	0.080 (−0.07; 0.24)	ns	0.037 (−0.12; 0.20)	ns
	HbA1c in 3.trimester	0.315 (0.16; 0.48)	< 0.001	0.209 (0.04; 0.37)	0.014	0.180 (−0.01; 0.37)	ns
	HbA1c partum	0.386 (0.24; 0.54)	< 0.001	0.300 (0.15; 0.45)	< 0.001	0.282 (0.11; 0.45)	0.001
Cord-blood leptin
	FG at oGTT	0.157 (0.01; 0.31)	0.042	0.065 (−0.09; 0.22)	ns	0.034 (− 0.13; 0.20)	ns
	1-h glucose at oGTT	0.084 (−0.07; 0.24)	ns	0.054 (−0.10; 0.21)	ns	0.072 (−0.09; 0.23)	ns
	2-h glucose at oGTT	0.134 (−0.02; 0.29)	ns	0.154 (0.01; 0.30)	ns	0.169 (0.02; 0.32)	0.028
	AUC glucose at oGTT	0.124 (−0.03; 0.28)	ns	0.107 (−0.05; 0.26)	ns	0.122 (−0.04; 0.28)	ns
	Mean FG at 32nd GW	0.204 (0.05; 0.36)	0.012	0.172 (0.01; 0.34)	0.043	0.149 (−0.02; 0.32)	ns
	Mean PPG at 32nd GW	0.194 (0.04; 0.35)	0.015	0.131 (−0.03; 0.29)	ns	0.122 (−0.04; 0.28)	ns
	Mean FG at 36th GW	0.188 (0.03; 0.35)	0.020	0.122 (−0.04; 0.28)	ns	0.073 (−0.10; 0.24)	ns
	Mean PPG at 36th GW	0.104 (−0.06; 0.27)	ns	0.030 (−0.13; 0.19)	ns	0.004 (−0.16; 0.17)	ns
	HbA1c in 3.trimester	0.290 (0.14; 0.44)	< 0.001	0.190 (0.03; 0.35)	0.021	0.188 (0.01; 0.37)	0.041
	HbA1c partum	0.350 (0.20; 0.50)	< 0.001	0.261 (0.11; 0.42)	0.001	0.259 (0.09; 0.43)	0.003

Abbreviations: FG Fasting glucose, oGTT Oral glucose tolerance test, ns Non-significant, AUC Area under the curve, GW Gestational week, PPG Postprandial glucose, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin A1c
^aModel I: Adjusted for maternal age, socio-economic status, ethnic origin, smoking during pregnancy, parity, height, type of therapy, gestational age, mode of delivery and infant’s sex.
Model II: Model I adjustment plus prepregnancy body weight and net gestational weight gain

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