Table 1 Frequencies of maternal and pregnancy characteristics of women with diabetes mellitus and the control population

Age [y, mean ± SD]

32.9 ± 4.00

35.9 ± 4.86 **

35.5 ± 4.98 **

33.1 ± 4.95

(n = 15,257)

Primigravidity [n (%)]

50 (42.7)

12 (20.3) *

80 (26.4) **

6173 (40.5)

Nulliparity [n (%)]

61 (52.1)

17 (28.8) **

124 (40.1) **

(n = 302)

8131(53.4)

(n = 15,216)

Previous CS [n (%)]

23 (19.7) *

22 (37.3) **

47 (15.5)

1808 (11.8)

Smoker [n (%)]

12 (10.5) *

(n = 114)

2 (3.5)

(n = 57)

19 (6.8)

(n = 280)

592 (5.0)

(n = 11,873)

BMI [kg/m², mean ± SD]

25.1 ± 3.37

(n = 105)

31.6 ± 5.48

(n = 53)

28.1 ± 6.52

(n = 275)

insufficient data

Trimester 1

50 ± 9.0

(6.76 ± 0.82) (n = 95)

51 ± 12.6

(6.81 ± 1.15)

(n = 38)

38 ± 5.9 ***

(5.67 ± 0.54)

(n = 24)

not available

Trimester 2

40 ± 7.3

(6.35 ± 0.67) (n = 112)

47 ± 11.1

(6.42 ± 1.02) (n = 54)

39 ± 8.4 ***

(5.72 ± 0.77)

(n = 96)

not available

Trimester 3

48 ± 9.5

(6.54 ± 0.87)

(n = 111)

47 ± 9.1

(6.42 ± 0.83)

(n = 53)

40 ± 6.3 ***

(5.81 ± 0.58)

(n = 268)

not available

Hypertensive disorder [n (%)]

47 (40.9) **

(n = 115)

30 (51.7) **

(n = 58)

83 (28.9) **

(n = 287)

1378 (9.0)

Pre-eclampsia [n (%)]

13 (11.3) **

(n = 115)

6 (10.3) **

(n = 58)

26 (9.1) **

(n = 287)

367 (2.4)