From: Inequalities in maternal health care utilization in Benin: a population based cross-sectional study
Variable | ANC | Facility-based delivery | Postnatal care | Contraceptive use | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2012 | 2006 | 2012 | 2006 | 2012 | 2006 | 2012 | |
Age | ||||||||
 15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 20–24 | 0.95 (0.69–1.29) | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 0.95 (0.62–1.47) | 0.83 (0.31–2.22) | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 1.10 (0.69–1.75) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) |
 25–29 | 0.92 (0.68–1.26) | 1.25 (0.98–1.58) | 1.25 (0.83–1.88) | 0.84 (0.32–2.21) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 1.12 (0.70–1.79) | 1.06 (0.67–1.68) | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) |
 30–34 | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 1.49 (0.96–2.32) | 0.67 (0.23–1.91) | 0.87 (0.58–1.29) | 1.09 (0.67–1.77) | 1.10 (0.68–1.77) | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) |
 35–39 | 1.20 (0.85–1.69) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 1.81 (1.10–2.97) | 1.21 (0.42–3.50) | 1.04 (0.67–1.59) | 1.25 (0.76–2.04) | 1.10 (0.67–1.80) | 1.33 (1.06–1.68) |
 40–44 | 1.12 (0.76–1.66) | 1.08 (0.81–1.43) | 3.45 (1.96–6.10) | 1.41 (0.48–4.18) | 0.70 (0.43–1.15) | 1.14 (0.64–2.01) | 0.92 (0.56–1.52) | 1.31 (1.04–1.65) |
 45–49 | 1.07 (0.72–1.59) | 1.29 (0.86–1.94) | 8.39 (4.74–14.83) | 14.5 (3.55–59.41) | 0.91 (0.52–1.61) | 0.59 (0.25–1.37) | 0.55 (0.33–0.93) | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) |
Region | ||||||||
 Alibori | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Atacora | 1.56 (0.99–2.46) | 1.09 (0.73–1.60) | 1.68 (0.99–2.82) | 1.07 (0.49–2.33) | 1.29 (0.70–2.38) | 2.72 (1.59–4.66) | 1.98 (1.16–3.36) | 1.53 (0.79–2.96) |
 Atlantique | 3.14 (2.01–4.92) | 0.87 (1.29–2.71) | 31.1 (15.64–61.85) | 5.37 (2.52–11.41) | 0.22 (0.10–0.45) | 1.43 (0.89–2.32) | 5.18 (3.03–8.86) | 0.81 (0.48–1.37) |
 Borgou | 1.69 (1.02–2.80) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 1.14 (0.65–2.00) | 0.97 (0.54–1.72) | 0.37 (0.20–0.71) | 2.85 (1.71–4.74) | 1.63 (0.95–2.81) | 1.61 (1.02–2.55) |
 Collines | 2.02 (1.28–3.19) | 1.30 (0.87–1.94) | 5.63 (2.96–10.69) | 3.39 (1.38–8.36) | 0.91 (0.47–1.75) | 3.77 (2.82–6.24) | 5.12 (3.04–8.64) | 1.67 (0.96–2.92) |
 Couffo | 1.55 (0.98–2.43) | 2.07 (1.39–3.11) | 2.64 (1.51–4.63) | 1.78 (0.76–4.19) | 1.04 (0.52–2.10) | 1.29 (0.72–2.32) | 1.67 (0.94–2.96) | 1.58 (0.95–2.62) |
 Donga | 1.57 (0.97–2.55) | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) | 1.85 (1.01–3.82) | 1.46 (0.61–3.53) | 1.80 (1.01–3.21) | 1.60 (0.86–3.00) | 1.04 (0.59–1.84) | 0.47 (0.26–0.84) |
 Littoral | 3.88 (2.24–6.73) | 1.49 (0.98–2.26) | 7.80 (3.13–19.14) | 1.50 (0.46–4.89) | 1.29 (0.53–3.13) | 2.27 (1.36–3.80) | 2.69 (1.57–4.62) | 1.32 (0.81–2.17) |
 Mono | 2.32 (1.44–3.72) | 2.74 (1.77–4.24) | 9.24 (4.46–19.14) | 14.75 (4.74–45.88) | 1.23 (0.63–2.42) | 2.47 (1.41–4.32) | 1.55 (0.89–2.72) | 0.39 (0.22–0.67) |
 Quémé | 2.60 (1.69–3.99) | 2.84 (1.94–4.18) | 28.60 (14.52–56.33) | 35.33 (4.67–267.4) | 0.41 (0.20–0.85) | 2.30 (1.46–3.63) | 3.00 (1.81–4.96) | 0.62 (0.38–0.99) |
 Plateau | 2.07 (1.31–3.29) | 0.74 (0.49–1.13) | 4.38 (2.46–7.81) | 1.38 (0.61–3.12) | 0.77 (0.35–1.70) | 1.83 (0.76–4.40) | 0.98 (0.53–1.81) | 1.33 (0.79–2.24) |
 Zou | 2.85 (1.81–4.49) | 2.42 (1.64–3.55) | 19.49 (10.48–36.24) | 8.47 (3.66–19.61) | 0.57 (0.28–1.17) | 1.03 (0.61–1.73) | 1.96 (1.15–3.32) | 1.32 (0.78–2.23) |
Type of place of residence | ||||||||
 Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Rural | 1.02 (0.86–1.24) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.68 (0.42–1.10) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | 0.86 (0.67–1.09) | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 1.17 (0.94–1.47) |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Primary | 1.29 (1.08–1.53) | 1.63 (1.39–1.92) | 2.12 (1.56–2.89) | 1.97 (1.20–3.26) | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 0.91 (0.68–1.23) | 1.42 (1.22–1.65) | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) |
 Secondary | 1.28 (0.91–1.79) | 2.13 (1.69–2.68) | 5.79 (1.89–17.72) | 3.40 (1.25–9.24) | 1.08 (0.57–2.08) | 1.12 (0.75–1.68) | 1.95 (1.59–2.38) | 1.87 (1.55–2.25) |
 Higher |  | 2.60 (0.90–7.54) |  |  | 15.35 (0.95–247.2) | 1.16 (0.24–5.55) | 1.16 (0.68–1.97) | 2.09 (1.35–3.26) |
Religion | ||||||||
 Christianity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Islam | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) | 0.60 (0.45–0.81) | 0.59 (0.39–0.90) | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 1.29 (1.08–1.55) |
 Traditional | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 0.68 (0.57–0.82) | 0.48 (0.35–0.64) | 0.57 (0.32–1.02) | 1.30 (0.97–1.75) | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | 0.80 (0.63–0.99) |
 Others | 0.80 (0.64–0.98) | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) | 0.56 (0.34–0.92) | 1.33 (0.91–1.94) | 0.84 (0.58–1.3) | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.64 (0.46–0.88) |
 Read newspaper/magazine | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.85 (0.37–1.94) | 0.62 (0.22–1.76) | 1.07 (0.53–2.18) | 1.31 (0.83–2.05) | 1.46 (1.17–1.81) | 0.89 (0.75–1.07) |
 Listen to radio | 1.36 (1.17–1.57) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 1.38 (1.13–1.70) | 1.29 (0.93–1.78) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 1.39 (1.14–1.68) | 1.16 (1.01–1.34) |
 Watch TV | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | 1.31 (1.13–1.52) | 1.49 (1.13–1.97) | 1.69 (1.20–2.37) | 1.56 (1.13–2.15) | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) | 1.28 (1.08–1.52) | 1.38 (1.16–1.65) |
Wealth index | ||||||||
 Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Poorer | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | 1.36 (1.15–1.60) | 2.02 (1.67–2.45) | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 1.06 (0.83–1.34) |
 Middle | 1.86 (1.58–2.20) | 1.78 (1.51–2.11) | 2.97 (2.38–3.72) | 2.36 (1.63–3.43) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.91 (0.67–1.22) | 1.40 (1.11–1.76) | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) |
 Richer | 2.64 (2.19–3.17) | 2.62 (2.15–3.20) | 7.36 (5.31–10.18) | 7.14 (4.08–12.49) | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 0.86 (0.61–1.23) | 1.48 (1.16–1.87) | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) |
 Richest | 5.19 (3.96–6.80) | 3.71 (2.78–4.94) | 13.04 (7.10–23.95) | 21.63 (7.30–64.08) | 1.67 (1.09–1.60) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 2.07 (1.59–2.71) | 1.14 (0.85–1.54) |
Parity | ||||||||
 1–4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  > 4 | 0.71 (0.61–0.82) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 0.59 (0.48–0.72) | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) | 1.48 (1.27–1.71) | 1.06 (0.94–1.21) |
Women decision making power | ||||||||
 Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Moderate | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.96 (0.70–1.31) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.76 (0.55–1.06) | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) |
 High |  | 1.22 (1.01–1.47) |  | 1.47 (1.03–2.10) |  | 1.12 (0.77–1.63) |  | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) |
 Currently working | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 1.71 (1.49–1.95) | 0.69 (0.55–0.86) | 2.52 (1.51–4.22) | 1.09 (0.78–1.53) | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 1.37 (1.21–1.56) |
Sex of household head | ||||||||
 Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Female | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 1.58 (1.18–2.11) | 2.04 (1.14–3.67) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 1.02 (0.75–1.37) | 1.13 (1.00–1.26) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) |