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Table 2 Odds ratios antenatal care visits, skilled birth delivery and contraceptive use for the years 2006 and 2012

From: Inequalities in maternal health care utilization in Benin: a population based cross-sectional study

Variable

ANC

Facility-based delivery

Postnatal care

Contraceptive use

2006

2012

2006

2012

2006

2012

2006

2012

Age

 15–19

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 20–24

0.95 (0.69–1.29)

1.19 (0.93–1.52)

0.95 (0.62–1.47)

0.83 (0.31–2.22)

0.90 (0.61–1.33)

0.89 (0.54–1.48)

1.10 (0.69–1.75)

1.04 (0.85–1.28)

 25–29

0.92 (0.68–1.26)

1.25 (0.98–1.58)

1.25 (0.83–1.88)

0.84 (0.32–2.21)

0.83 (0.57–1.21)

1.12 (0.70–1.79)

1.06 (0.67–1.68)

1.19 (0.97–1.47)

 30–34

1.07 (0.77–1.49)

1.08 (0.85–1.37)

1.49 (0.96–2.32)

0.67 (0.23–1.91)

0.87 (0.58–1.29)

1.09 (0.67–1.77)

1.10 (0.68–1.77)

1.04 (0.83–1.29)

 35–39

1.20 (0.85–1.69)

1.05 (0.82–1.35)

1.81 (1.10–2.97)

1.21 (0.42–3.50)

1.04 (0.67–1.59)

1.25 (0.76–2.04)

1.10 (0.67–1.80)

1.33 (1.06–1.68)

 40–44

1.12 (0.76–1.66)

1.08 (0.81–1.43)

3.45 (1.96–6.10)

1.41 (0.48–4.18)

0.70 (0.43–1.15)

1.14 (0.64–2.01)

0.92 (0.56–1.52)

1.31 (1.04–1.65)

 45–49

1.07 (0.72–1.59)

1.29 (0.86–1.94)

8.39 (4.74–14.83)

14.5 (3.55–59.41)

0.91 (0.52–1.61)

0.59 (0.25–1.37)

0.55 (0.33–0.93)

0.90 (0.69–1.16)

Region

 Alibori

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Atacora

1.56 (0.99–2.46)

1.09 (0.73–1.60)

1.68 (0.99–2.82)

1.07 (0.49–2.33)

1.29 (0.70–2.38)

2.72 (1.59–4.66)

1.98 (1.16–3.36)

1.53 (0.79–2.96)

 Atlantique

3.14 (2.01–4.92)

0.87 (1.29–2.71)

31.1 (15.64–61.85)

5.37 (2.52–11.41)

0.22 (0.10–0.45)

1.43 (0.89–2.32)

5.18 (3.03–8.86)

0.81 (0.48–1.37)

 Borgou

1.69 (1.02–2.80)

0.93 (0.65–1.34)

1.14 (0.65–2.00)

0.97 (0.54–1.72)

0.37 (0.20–0.71)

2.85 (1.71–4.74)

1.63 (0.95–2.81)

1.61 (1.02–2.55)

 Collines

2.02 (1.28–3.19)

1.30 (0.87–1.94)

5.63 (2.96–10.69)

3.39 (1.38–8.36)

0.91 (0.47–1.75)

3.77 (2.82–6.24)

5.12 (3.04–8.64)

1.67 (0.96–2.92)

 Couffo

1.55 (0.98–2.43)

2.07 (1.39–3.11)

2.64 (1.51–4.63)

1.78 (0.76–4.19)

1.04 (0.52–2.10)

1.29 (0.72–2.32)

1.67 (0.94–2.96)

1.58 (0.95–2.62)

 Donga

1.57 (0.97–2.55)

0.92 (0.61–1.39)

1.85 (1.01–3.82)

1.46 (0.61–3.53)

1.80 (1.01–3.21)

1.60 (0.86–3.00)

1.04 (0.59–1.84)

0.47 (0.26–0.84)

 Littoral

3.88 (2.24–6.73)

1.49 (0.98–2.26)

7.80 (3.13–19.14)

1.50 (0.46–4.89)

1.29 (0.53–3.13)

2.27 (1.36–3.80)

2.69 (1.57–4.62)

1.32 (0.81–2.17)

 Mono

2.32 (1.44–3.72)

2.74 (1.77–4.24)

9.24 (4.46–19.14)

14.75 (4.74–45.88)

1.23 (0.63–2.42)

2.47 (1.41–4.32)

1.55 (0.89–2.72)

0.39 (0.22–0.67)

 Quémé

2.60 (1.69–3.99)

2.84 (1.94–4.18)

28.60 (14.52–56.33)

35.33 (4.67–267.4)

0.41 (0.20–0.85)

2.30 (1.46–3.63)

3.00 (1.81–4.96)

0.62 (0.38–0.99)

 Plateau

2.07 (1.31–3.29)

0.74 (0.49–1.13)

4.38 (2.46–7.81)

1.38 (0.61–3.12)

0.77 (0.35–1.70)

1.83 (0.76–4.40)

0.98 (0.53–1.81)

1.33 (0.79–2.24)

 Zou

2.85 (1.81–4.49)

2.42 (1.64–3.55)

19.49 (10.48–36.24)

8.47 (3.66–19.61)

0.57 (0.28–1.17)

1.03 (0.61–1.73)

1.96 (1.15–3.32)

1.32 (0.78–2.23)

Type of place of residence

 Urban

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Rural

1.02 (0.86–1.24)

1.01 (0.85–1.19)

0.93 (0.64–1.34)

0.68 (0.42–1.10)

0.82 (0.61–1.10)

0.86 (0.67–1.09)

0.83 (0.70–0.98)

1.17 (0.94–1.47)

Educational attainment

        

 No formal education

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Primary

1.29 (1.08–1.53)

1.63 (1.39–1.92)

2.12 (1.56–2.89)

1.97 (1.20–3.26)

1.04 (0.75–1.45)

0.91 (0.68–1.23)

1.42 (1.22–1.65)

1.33 (1.14–1.56)

 Secondary

1.28 (0.91–1.79)

2.13 (1.69–2.68)

5.79 (1.89–17.72)

3.40 (1.25–9.24)

1.08 (0.57–2.08)

1.12 (0.75–1.68)

1.95 (1.59–2.38)

1.87 (1.55–2.25)

 Higher

 

2.60 (0.90–7.54)

  

15.35 (0.95–247.2)

1.16 (0.24–5.55)

1.16 (0.68–1.97)

2.09 (1.35–3.26)

Religion

 Christianity

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Islam

0.76 (0.61–0.95)

0.80 (0.67–0.96)

0.60 (0.45–0.81)

0.59 (0.39–0.90)

0.84 (0.55–1.29)

0.87 (0.68–1.12)

0.83 (0.68–1.02)

1.29 (1.08–1.55)

 Traditional

0.81 (0.67–0.97)

0.68 (0.57–0.82)

0.48 (0.35–0.64)

0.57 (0.32–1.02)

1.30 (0.97–1.75)

1.07 (0.77–1.49)

0.86 (0.69–1.08)

0.80 (0.63–0.99)

 Others

0.80 (0.64–0.98)

0.70 (0.56–0.88)

0.53 (0.39–0.73)

0.56 (0.34–0.92)

1.33 (0.91–1.94)

0.84 (0.58–1.3)

0.71 (0.55–0.92)

0.64 (0.46–0.88)

 Read newspaper/magazine

1.19 (0.78–1.82)

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

0.85 (0.37–1.94)

0.62 (0.22–1.76)

1.07 (0.53–2.18)

1.31 (0.83–2.05)

1.46 (1.17–1.81)

0.89 (0.75–1.07)

 Listen to radio

1.36 (1.17–1.57)

0.96 (0.84–1.10)

1.38 (1.13–1.70)

1.29 (0.93–1.78)

0.98 (0.76–1.26)

1.06 (0.83–1.36)

1.39 (1.14–1.68)

1.16 (1.01–1.34)

 Watch TV

1.39 (1.18–1.63)

1.31 (1.13–1.52)

1.49 (1.13–1.97)

1.69 (1.20–2.37)

1.56 (1.13–2.15)

0.99 (0.79–1.23)

1.28 (1.08–1.52)

1.38 (1.16–1.65)

Wealth index

 Poorest

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Poorer

1.39 (1.18–1.63)

1.36 (1.15–1.60)

2.02 (1.67–2.45)

1.55 (1.13–2.13)

1.22 (0.95–1.56)

0.82 (0.61–1.10)

1.27 (1.01–1.60)

1.06 (0.83–1.34)

 Middle

1.86 (1.58–2.20)

1.78 (1.51–2.11)

2.97 (2.38–3.72)

2.36 (1.63–3.43)

0.95 (0.72–1.25)

0.91 (0.67–1.22)

1.40 (1.11–1.76)

1.19 (0.94–1.51)

 Richer

2.64 (2.19–3.17)

2.62 (2.15–3.20)

7.36 (5.31–10.18)

7.14 (4.08–12.49)

1.06 (0.76–1.48)

0.86 (0.61–1.23)

1.48 (1.16–1.87)

1.10 (0.85–1.43)

 Richest

5.19 (3.96–6.80)

3.71 (2.78–4.94)

13.04 (7.10–23.95)

21.63 (7.30–64.08)

1.67 (1.09–1.60)

1.16 (0.79–1.70)

2.07 (1.59–2.71)

1.14 (0.85–1.54)

Parity

 1–4

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  > 4

0.71 (0.61–0.82)

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

0.59 (0.48–0.72)

0.78 (0.58–1.04)

1.01 (0.84–1.21)

1.03 (0.84–1.25)

1.48 (1.27–1.71)

1.06 (0.94–1.21)

Women decision making power

 Low

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Moderate

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

0.96 (0.70–1.31)

0.97 (0.74–1.27)

0.76 (0.55–1.06)

1.26 (1.10–1.44)

0.97 (0.81–1.18)

 High

 

1.22 (1.01–1.47)

 

1.47 (1.03–2.10)

 

1.12 (0.77–1.63)

 

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

 Currently working

1.10 (0.94–1.28)

1.71 (1.49–1.95)

0.69 (0.55–0.86)

2.52 (1.51–4.22)

1.09 (0.78–1.53)

0.87 (0.71–1.07)

0.97 (0.87–1.08)

1.37 (1.21–1.56)

Sex of household head

 Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Female

1.11 (0.92–1.33)

1.09 (0.92–1.30)

1.58 (1.18–2.11)

2.04 (1.14–3.67)

1.11 (0.82–1.51)

1.02 (0.75–1.37)

1.13 (1.00–1.26)

1.12 (0.98–1.28)

  1. N.B. Numbers represent odds ratios. Ref = reference category