From: Determinants of infant mortality for children of women prisoners: a longitudinal linked data study
 | Indigenous infants (n = 25,962) | Non-Indigenous infants (n = 16,712) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survived | Died | Survived | Died | |||||||||
n | n | % | RR | (95% CI) | p-value | n | n | % | RR | (95% CI) | p-value | |
Infants | 25,532 | 430 | 1.7 | Â | Â | Â | 16,596 | 116 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Demographic factors | ||||||||||||
Sexa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 13,052 | 240 | 1.8 | 1.20 | (0.99–1.45) | 0.058 | 8586 | 64 | 0.7 | 1.14 | (0.79–1.65) | 0.468 |
Female* | 12,438 | 190 | 1.5 | Â | Â | Â | 7991 | 52 | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal Indigenous status | ||||||||||||
Indigenous | 24,321 | 418 | 1.7 | 1.72 | (0.97–3.05) | 0.062 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-Indigenous* | 1211 | 12 | 1.0 | Â | Â | Â | 16,596 | 116 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Socioeconomic statusb | ||||||||||||
Very low (0–5%) | 6793 | 128 | 1.8 | 2.16 | (1.38–3.39) | 0.001 | 996 | 15 | 1.5 | 3.50 | (1.88–6.54) | <.001 |
Low (6–25%) | 11,095 | 195 | 1.7 | 2.02 | (1.30–3.13) | 0.002 | 4461 | 50 | 1.1 | 2.62 | (1.65–4.15) | <.001 |
Medium (26–50%) | 5054 | 83 | 1.6 | 1.89 | (1.18–3.01) | 0.008 | 4517 | 23 | 0.5 | 1.20 | (0.69–2.07) | 0.523 |
High (51–100%)* | 2546 | 22 | 0.9 |  |  |  | 6584 | 28 | 0.4 |  |  |  |
Geographical remotenessc | ||||||||||||
Major cities/Inner regional* | 10,331 | 160 | 1.5 | Â | Â | Â | 13,574 | 88 | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Outer regional | 4185 | 73 | 1.7 | 1.12 | (0.85–1.48) | 0.404 | 1811 | 22 | 1.2 | 1.86 | (1.17–2.97) | 0.009 |
Remote | 4776 | 75 | 1.5 | 1.01 | (0.77–1.33) | 0.922 | 834 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.93 | (0.38–2.27) | 0.865 |
Very remote | 6195 | 120 | 1.9 | 1.25 | (0.98–1.58) | 0.066 | 326 | < 5 | 0.3 | 0.47 | (0.07–3.40) | 0.458 |
Baseline Pregnancy Risk Factors | ||||||||||||
Multiple gestation | ||||||||||||
Yes | 568 | 23 | 3.9 | 2.43 | (1.61–3.66) | <.001 | 414 | 13 | 3.0 | 4.81 | (2.73–8.50) | <.001 |
No* | 24,964 | 407 | 1.6 | Â | Â | Â | 16,182 | 103 | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Birth spacing | ||||||||||||
< 18 months | 3011 | 82 | 2.7 | 1.74 | (1.37–2.21) | <.001 | 1112 | 19 | 1.7 | 2.70 | (1.66–4.40) | <.001 |
Firstborn/18Â months+* | 22,521 | 348 | 1.5 | Â | Â | Â | 15,484 | 97 | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal age | ||||||||||||
12–19 years | 7628 | 122 | 1.6 | 0.91 | (0.72–1.17) | 0.471 | 1740 | 21 | 1.2 | 2.36 | (1.41–3.94) | 0.001 |
20–24 years | 9420 | 158 | 1.6 | 0.96 | (0.76–1.20) | 0.713 | 3916 | 47 | 1.2 | 2.35 | (1.57–3.52) | <.001 |
25–34 years* | 7533 | 132 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 9054 | 46 | 0.5 |  |  |  |
35 + years | 951 | 18 | 1.9 | 1.08 | (0.66–1.76) | 0.761 | 1886 | < 5 | 0.1 | 0.21 | (0.05–0.86) | 0.030 |
Parity | ||||||||||||
Nulliparous | 9035 | 126 | 1.4 | 0.82 | (0.66–1.03) | 0.093 | 7954 | 53 | 0.7 | 0.99 | (0.67–1.45) | 0.939 |
Parity 1–2* | 10,847 | 184 | 1.7 |  |  |  | 7539 | 51 | 0.7 |  |  |  |
Parity 3+ | 5650 | 120 | 2.1 | 1.25 | (0.99–1.57) | 0.058 | 1103 | 12 | 1.1 | 1.60 | (0.86–2.99) | 0.140 |
Pregnancy complications | ||||||||||||
Abruptio placentae and other disordersd | ||||||||||||
Yes | 122 | 8 | 6.2 | 3.77 | (1.91–7.42) | <.001 | 90 | < 5 | 4.3 | 6.31 | (2.38–16.8) | <.001 |
No* | 25,410 | 422 | 1.6 | Â | Â | Â | 16,506 | 112 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Placenta previa | ||||||||||||
Yes | 87 | < 5 | 3.3 | 2.02 | (0.66–6.17) | 0.217 | 109 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |
No* | 25,445 | 427 | 1.7 | Â | Â | Â | 16,487 | 116 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Premature rupture of membranes | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1200 | 34 | 2.8 | 1.72 | (1.22–2.43) | 0.002 | 445 | 5 | 1.1 | 1.63 | (0.67–3.97) | 0.284 |
No* | 24,332 | 396 | 1.6 | Â | Â | Â | 16,151 | 111 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Infection related hospitalisation in pregnancye | ||||||||||||
Yes | 2041 | 34 | 1.6 | 0.99 | (0.70–1.40) | 0.947 | 388 | < 5 | 0.5 | 0.73 | (0.18–2.96) | 0.664 |
No* | 23,491 | 396 | 1.7 | Â | Â | Â | 16,208 | 114 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Other maternal factors/Exposures during pregnancy | ||||||||||||
Substance use related service contactf | ||||||||||||
Yes | 397 | 15 | 3.6 | 2.24 | (1.35–3.72) | 0.002 | 293 | 6 | 2.0 | 2.99 | (1.33–6.76) | 0.008 |
No* | 25,135 | 415 | 1.6 | Â | Â | Â | 16,303 | 110 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Hospitalisation for external causes of injuryg | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1479 | 38 | 2.5 | 1.56 | (1.12–2.17) | 0.008 | 278 | < 5 | 1.1 | 1.55 | (0.50–4.86) | 0.450 |
No* | 24,053 | 392 | 1.6 | Â | Â | Â | 16,318 | 113 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Mental health related service contacth | ||||||||||||
Yes | 768 | 12 | 1.5 | 0.93 | (0.52–1.64) | 0.794 | 427 | 5 | 1.2 | 1.70 | (0.70–4.14) | 0.244 |
No* | 24,764 | 418 | 1.7 | Â | Â | Â | 16,169 | 111 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |
Sibling in contact with child protectioni | ||||||||||||
Yes | 852 | 30 | 3.4 | 2.13 | (1.48–3.07) | <.001 | 237 | 6 | 2.5 | 3.70 | (1.64–8.33) | 0.002 |
Firstborn/No* | 24,680 | 400 | 1.6 | Â | Â | Â | 16,359 | 110 | 0.7 | Â | Â | Â |