Table 1 Baseline characteristics and the risk factors for presence of an isthmocele
From: Risk factors for Korean women to develop an isthmocele after a cesarean section
Without Isthmocele | With Isthmocele | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Number | 106 | 298 | |
Age (years) | 32.64 ± 4.80 | 33.19 ± 4.19 | 0.269 |
Height (cm) | 160.16 ± 4.60 | 160.24 ± 5.62 | 0.881 |
Weight (before pregnancy, kg) | 56.74 ± 10.40 | 58.36 ± 11.66 | 0.207 |
Weight (during pregnancy, kg) | 70.14 ± 11.18 | 70.61 ± 11.75 | 0.720 |
BMI (before pregnancy, kg/m2) | 22.12 ± 3.96 | 22.71 ± 4.23 | 0.215 |
BMI (during pregnancy, kg/m2) | 27.36 ± 4.33 | 27.47 ± 4.14 | 0.816 |
Number of CS (n) | 1.43 ± 0.70 | 1.57 ± 0.70 | 0.094 |
Comorbidity (n, %) | |||
DM | 9 (8.5) | 30 (10.1) | 0.637 |
Hypertension | 14 (13.2) | 44 (14.8) | 0.695 |
Parity (n) | 1.56 ± 0.74 | 1.69 ± 0.77 | 0.127 |
Preterm experience (n, %) | 32 (30.2) | 94 (31.5) | 0.796 |
Reason for visiting (n, %) | |||
Routine examination | 65 (61.3) | 185 (62.1) | 0.890 |
Vaginal spotting | 13 (12.3) | 48 (16.1) | 0.343 |
Abnormal uterine bleeding | 11 (10.4) | 29 (9.7) | 0.848 |
Dysmenorrhea | 2 (1.9) | 3 (1.0) | 0.610 |
Pelvic pain | 14 (13.2) | 32 (10.7) | 0.492 |
Sterility | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.3) | 0.057 |
Irregular menstruation | 3 (2.8) | 13 (4.4) | 0.772 |
Follow up period of ultrasound (month) | 17.72 ± 25.07 | 16.38 ± 24.53 | 0.631 |
Reason for CS (n, %) | |||
Repeat CS | 34 (32.1) | 135 (45.3) | 0.018* |
Fetal distress | 14 (13.2) | 41 (13.8) | 0.887 |
PPT | 15 (14.2) | 21 (7.1) | 0.028* |
Preeclampsia | 11 (10.4) | 23 (7.7) | 0.397 |
Breech | 15 (14.2) | 25 (8.4) | 0.088 |
Twin | 13 (12.3) | 10 (3.4) | 0.001* |
Arrest of descent | 5 (4.7) | 19 (6.4) | 0.535 |
Arrest of dilatation | 1 (0.9) | 5 (1.7) | 1.000 |
PROM (n, %) | 18 (17.0) | 83 (28.0) | 0.025* |
Type of CS (n, %) | |||
Elective CS | 59 (55.7) | 137 (46.0) | 0.087 |
Emergency CS | 47 (44.3) | 161 (54.0) | |
Gestational weeks | 36.72 ± 2.58 | 36.87 ± 2.74 | 0.626 |
Birth weight (g) | 2861.9 ± 691.4 | 2895.2 ± 720.7 | 0.680 |
Operation time (total, min) | 56.69 ± 18.27 | 51.88 ± 15.75 | 0.010* |
From skin incision to baby out | 7.91 ± 5.14 | 6.78 ± 4.43 | 0.032* |
From baby out to skin closure | 48.78 ± 15.42 | 45.10 ± 13.66 | 0.022* |
Repair of uterine incision (n, %) | 0.579 | ||
Single layer | 68 (64.2) | 200 (67.1) | |
Double layer | 38 (35.9) | 98 (32.9) | |
Induction of labor (n, %) | 15 (14.2) | 55 (18.5) | 0.315 |
Oxytocin augmentation during labor (n, %) | 12 (11.3) | 56 (18.8) | 0.077 |
Duration of active labor (n, %) | 0.218 | ||
not in active labor | 75 (70.8) | 177 (59.6) | |
< 5 h | 15 (14.2) | 62 (20.9) | |
5–9 | 4 (3.8) | 18 (6.1) | |
≥10 h | 12(11.3) | 40(13.5) | |
With uterine contractions (n, %) | 38 (35.9) | 137 (46.0) | 0.071 |
Cervical dilatation at CS (n, %) | 0.057 | ||
closed | 72 (67.9) | 163 (54.7) | |
≤ 4 cm | 25 (23.6) | 95 (31.9) | |
5–7 cm | 2 (1.9) | 20 (6.7) | |
≥ 8 cm | 7 (6.6) | 20 (6.7) | |
Interval of previous CS (years) | 1.64 ± 3.14 | 1.81 ± 2.56 | 0.610 |
Uterine position at ultrasound (n, %) | 0.205 | ||
anteversion | 31 (29.3) | 114 (38.3) | |
retroversion | 7 (6.6) | 13 (4.4) | |