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Table 3 Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses of factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding

From: Trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Namibia: analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys 2000–2013

 

2000

2006–2007

2013

Characteristics

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Age, years

 15–19

0.91 (0.51–1.63)

1.10 (0.53–2.31)

0.87 (0.57–1.34)

1.00 (0.57–1.75)

1.56 (0.96–2.56)

2.28 (1.22–4.24)*

 20–34

1.38 (0.89–2.15)

1.55 (0.91–2.62)

1.26 (0.94–1.69)

1.49 (1.07–2.08)*

1.05 (0.76–1.46)

1.30 (0.90–1.87)

 35–49

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Residence

 Rural

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Urban

0.74 (0.46–1.19)

0.58 (0.36–0.93)*

1.03 (0.77–1.36)

0.89 (0.64–1.24)

1.07 (0.84–1.38)

0.93 (0.68–1.26)

Marital status

 Never married

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Married/cohabiting

1.29 (0.86–1.94)

1.23 (0.73–2.07)

0.99 (0.78–1.27)

0.94 (0.72–1.24)

1.44 (1.10–1.90)*

1.57 (1.16–2.14)*

 Divorced/separated

0.93 (0.47–1.81)

0.96 (0.47–1.96)

1.44 (0.78–2.64)

1.41 (0.75–2.65)

1.09 (0.59–2.01)

1.11 (0.60–2.03)

Education

 Tertiary

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Secondary

0.96 (0.38–2.47)

0.90 (0.32–2.51)

1.11 (0.55–2.26)

0.86 (0.37–1.99)

1.75 (0.98–3.11)

1.22 (0.51–2.19)

 Primary

0.98 (0.41–2.39)

0.89 (0.32–2.43)

1.35 (0.66–2.76)

1.03 (0.43–2.48)

1.95 (1.07–3.56)*

1.06 (0.51–2.19)

 No formal

1.23 (0.46–3.23)

0.95 (0.31–2.88)

1.28 (0.62–2.67)

0.93 (0.37–2.38)

2.31 (1.14–4.68)*

1.21 (0.51–2.86)

Occupation

 Paid work

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Agriculture

4.03 (0.98–16.5)

2.87 (0.69–11.9)

1.01 (0.71–1.43)

0.91 (0.62–1.35)

1.62 (0.62–4.24)

1.55 (0.58–4.11)

 Not working

1.03 (0.66–1.56)

1.05 (0.69–1.60)

1.04 (0.77–1.41)

0.98 (0.72–1.34)

1.36 (1.07–174)*

1.27 (0.97–1.66)

Wealth

 Richest

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Richer

0.87 (0.56–1.35)

0.91 (0.54–1.51)

0.90 (0.63–1.29)

0.87 (0.60–1.26)

1.51 (1.04–2.02)*

1.35 (0.90–2.03)

 Average

1.30 (0.81–2.10)

1.52 (0.86–2.68)

0.94 (0.68–1.30)

0.93 (0.65–1.33)

1.47 (0.98–2.20)

1.22 (0.78–1.91)

 Poorer

1.36 (0.82–2.22)

1.82 (1.05–3.17)*

1.14 (0.79–1.64)

1.07 (0.73–1.58)

1.33 (0.93–1.92)

1.02 (0.67–1.56)

 Poorest

1.13 (0.70–1.81)

1.52 (0.89–2.57)

1.13 (0.76–1.68)

1.08 (0.70–1.66)

1.26 (0.86–1.85)

0.94 (0.59–1.48)

ANC attendance, visits

 0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 1–3

0.69 (0.28–1.70)

0.19 (0.04–1.05)

0.81 (0.44–1.52)

1.02 (0.12–8.55)

0.62 (0.30–1.26)

0.17 (0.01–3.16)

 4+

0.57 (0.25–1.29)

0.14 (0.03–0.81)*

0.67 (0.37–1.20)

0.85 (0.10–7.09)

0.45 (0.24–0.84)*

0.14 (0.01–2.51)

 Do not remember

0.67 (0.22–2.05)

0.18 (0.03–1.21)

0.65 (0.34–1.28)

0.79 (0.09–6.65)

0.57 (0.29–1.14)

0.16 (0.01–3.09)

Place of delivery

 Home/others

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Health facility

1.03 (0.70–1.53)

1.33 (0.86–2.07)

1.13 (0.87–1.47)

1.53 (1.10–2.14)*

0.88 (0.63–1.23)

1.25 (0.83–1.90)

Delivery modea

 Caesarean

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Vaginal

2.53 (1.75–3.68)**

2.58 (1.68–3.97)**

2.84 (2.03–3.97)**

2.74 (1.90–3.93)**

Delivery assistance

 TBAs

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Health professional

0.47 (0.15–1.47)

0.48 (0.14–1.61)

0.32 (0.10–1.01)

0.19 (0.04–0.91)*

3.60 (1.09–11.8)*

3.67 (1.23–10.9)*

 Relative/self

0.44 (0.13–1.47)

0.13 (0.02–0.81)

0.47 (0.13–1.71)

0.30 (0.02–4.30)

5.31 (1.36–20.7)*

0.99 (0.05–20.7)

Birth order

 1

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 2–3

1.50 (1.01–2.23)*

1.36 (0.87–2.12)

1.13 (0.85–1.50)

0.99 (0.69–1.43)

1.08 (0.83–1.40)

1.16 (0.86–1.56)

 4+

1.10 (0.74–1.64)

1.20 (0.67–2.15)

1.21 (0.86–1.72)

1.23 (0.78–1.95)

1.42 (1.03–1.97)*

1.52 (1.03–2.26)*

Baby’s birth size

 Average

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Small

0.39 (0.24–0.63)**

0.38 (0.24–0.60)**

0.64 (0.44–0.93)*

0.63 (0.44–0.90)*

0.71 (0.51–0.99)*

0.72 (0.65–1.01)

 Large

0.55 (0.37–0.79)*

0.51 (0.34–0.78)*

0.67 (0.51–0.90)*

0.69 (0.51–0.94)*

0.83 (0.64–1.07)

0.86 (0.52–1.13)

  1. aDelivery mode was not available for the 2000 NDHS. However, this was measured in the later surveys
  2. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, COR crude odds ratio (unadjusted odds ratio), NDHS Namibia Demographic Health Survey, TBAs traditional birth attendants **p-value < 0.001 *p-value < 0.05