2000 | 2006–2007 | 2013 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
Age, years | ||||||
15–19 | 0.91 (0.51–1.63) | 1.10 (0.53–2.31) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) | 1.00 (0.57–1.75) | 1.56 (0.96–2.56) | 2.28 (1.22–4.24)* |
20–34 | 1.38 (0.89–2.15) | 1.55 (0.91–2.62) | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 1.49 (1.07–2.08)* | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 1.30 (0.90–1.87) |
35–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Residence | ||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 0.74 (0.46–1.19) | 0.58 (0.36–0.93)* | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 1.07 (0.84–1.38) | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) |
Marital status | ||||||
Never married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married/cohabiting | 1.29 (0.86–1.94) | 1.23 (0.73–2.07) | 0.99 (0.78–1.27) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | 1.44 (1.10–1.90)* | 1.57 (1.16–2.14)* |
Divorced/separated | 0.93 (0.47–1.81) | 0.96 (0.47–1.96) | 1.44 (0.78–2.64) | 1.41 (0.75–2.65) | 1.09 (0.59–2.01) | 1.11 (0.60–2.03) |
Education | ||||||
Tertiary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary | 0.96 (0.38–2.47) | 0.90 (0.32–2.51) | 1.11 (0.55–2.26) | 0.86 (0.37–1.99) | 1.75 (0.98–3.11) | 1.22 (0.51–2.19) |
Primary | 0.98 (0.41–2.39) | 0.89 (0.32–2.43) | 1.35 (0.66–2.76) | 1.03 (0.43–2.48) | 1.95 (1.07–3.56)* | 1.06 (0.51–2.19) |
No formal | 1.23 (0.46–3.23) | 0.95 (0.31–2.88) | 1.28 (0.62–2.67) | 0.93 (0.37–2.38) | 2.31 (1.14–4.68)* | 1.21 (0.51–2.86) |
Occupation | ||||||
Paid work | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Agriculture | 4.03 (0.98–16.5) | 2.87 (0.69–11.9) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) | 1.62 (0.62–4.24) | 1.55 (0.58–4.11) |
Not working | 1.03 (0.66–1.56) | 1.05 (0.69–1.60) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | 1.36 (1.07–174)* | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) |
Wealth | ||||||
Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Richer | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) | 0.91 (0.54–1.51) | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 0.87 (0.60–1.26) | 1.51 (1.04–2.02)* | 1.35 (0.90–2.03) |
Average | 1.30 (0.81–2.10) | 1.52 (0.86–2.68) | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 1.47 (0.98–2.20) | 1.22 (0.78–1.91) |
Poorer | 1.36 (0.82–2.22) | 1.82 (1.05–3.17)* | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 1.33 (0.93–1.92) | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) |
Poorest | 1.13 (0.70–1.81) | 1.52 (0.89–2.57) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 1.08 (0.70–1.66) | 1.26 (0.86–1.85) | 0.94 (0.59–1.48) |
ANC attendance, visits | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1–3 | 0.69 (0.28–1.70) | 0.19 (0.04–1.05) | 0.81 (0.44–1.52) | 1.02 (0.12–8.55) | 0.62 (0.30–1.26) | 0.17 (0.01–3.16) |
4+ | 0.57 (0.25–1.29) | 0.14 (0.03–0.81)* | 0.67 (0.37–1.20) | 0.85 (0.10–7.09) | 0.45 (0.24–0.84)* | 0.14 (0.01–2.51) |
Do not remember | 0.67 (0.22–2.05) | 0.18 (0.03–1.21) | 0.65 (0.34–1.28) | 0.79 (0.09–6.65) | 0.57 (0.29–1.14) | 0.16 (0.01–3.09) |
Place of delivery | ||||||
Home/others | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health facility | 1.03 (0.70–1.53) | 1.33 (0.86–2.07) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.53 (1.10–2.14)* | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 1.25 (0.83–1.90) |
Delivery modea | ||||||
Caesarean | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Vaginal | – | – | 2.53 (1.75–3.68)** | 2.58 (1.68–3.97)** | 2.84 (2.03–3.97)** | 2.74 (1.90–3.93)** |
Delivery assistance | ||||||
TBAs | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Health professional | 0.47 (0.15–1.47) | 0.48 (0.14–1.61) | 0.32 (0.10–1.01) | 0.19 (0.04–0.91)* | 3.60 (1.09–11.8)* | 3.67 (1.23–10.9)* |
Relative/self | 0.44 (0.13–1.47) | 0.13 (0.02–0.81) | 0.47 (0.13–1.71) | 0.30 (0.02–4.30) | 5.31 (1.36–20.7)* | 0.99 (0.05–20.7) |
Birth order | ||||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2–3 | 1.50 (1.01–2.23)* | 1.36 (0.87–2.12) | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 0.99 (0.69–1.43) | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) |
4+ | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) | 1.20 (0.67–2.15) | 1.21 (0.86–1.72) | 1.23 (0.78–1.95) | 1.42 (1.03–1.97)* | 1.52 (1.03–2.26)* |
Baby’s birth size | ||||||
Average | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Small | 0.39 (0.24–0.63)** | 0.38 (0.24–0.60)** | 0.64 (0.44–0.93)* | 0.63 (0.44–0.90)* | 0.71 (0.51–0.99)* | 0.72 (0.65–1.01) |
Large | 0.55 (0.37–0.79)* | 0.51 (0.34–0.78)* | 0.67 (0.51–0.90)* | 0.69 (0.51–0.94)* | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.86 (0.52–1.13) |