Table 2 Rates of early initiation of breastfeeding in Namibia (2000, 2006–2007 and 2013) by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
Characteristics | 2000 | 2006–2007 | 2013 | Percentage difference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | p-valuea | % | 95% CI | p-valuea | % | 95% CI | p-valuea | 2000–2006b | 2006–2013b | 2000–2013b | |
Age, years | ||||||||||||
15–19 | 8.9 | 7.2–10.8 | 7.9 | 6.7–9.4 | 9.1 | 7.7–10.6 | −1 | 1.2 | 0.2 | |||
20–34 | 58.2 | 54.4–61.9 | 0.143 | 53.1 | 50.4–55.8 | 0.057 | 52.7 | 50.0–55.3 | 0.160 | −5.1 | −0.4 | −5.5 |
35–49 | 15.4 | 13.3–17.8 | 11.7 | 10.1–13.6 | 13.2 | 11.4–15.2 | −3.7 | 1.5 | −2.2 | |||
Residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 27.6 | 23.8–31.7 | 0.210 | 27.7 | 24.8–30.7 | 0.856 | 34.9 | 32.3–37.4 | 0.579 | 0.1 | 7.2* | 7.3** |
Urban | 54.8 | 50.9–58.7 | 45.1 | 42.5–47.8 | 40.1 | 37.4–42.8 | −9.7 | −5 | −14.7** | |||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Never married | 35.8 | 32.3–39.4 | 33.2 | 30.5–35.9 | 37.1 | 34.4–39.7 | −2.6 | 3.9 | 1.3 | |||
Married/cohabiting | 42.2 | 38.6–45.9 | 0.322 | 36 | 33.3–38.8 | 0.497 | 35.1 | 32.5–37.8 | 0.021 | −6.2 | −0.9 | −7.1 |
Divorced/separated/widow | 4.4 | 3.4–5.8 | 3.6 | 2.7–4.7 | 2.8 | 2.0–3.8 | −0.8 | −0.8 | −1.6 | |||
Education | ||||||||||||
No formal | 11.5 | 8.9–14.6 | 7.8 | 6.5–9.4 | 4.2 | 3.3–5.4 | −3.7 | −3.6** | −7.3** | |||
Primary | 29.1 | 25.6–32.8 | 0.805 | 21.3 | 19.4–23.5 | 0.542 | 17.3 | 15.3–19.4 | 0.071 | −7.8** | −4 | −11.8** |
Secondary | 39.9 | 36.4–43.4 | 40.6 | 37.8–43.4 | 50.0 | 47.1–53.0 | 0.7 | 9.4 | 10.1** | |||
Tertiary | 2.0 | 1.2–3.3 | 3.0 | 2.0–4.5 | 3.4 | 2.4–4.9 | 1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | |||
Occupation | ||||||||||||
Not working | 54.3 | 50.7–57.8 | 36.6 | 33.9–39.4 | 44.2 | 41.4–47.1 | −12.8** | 1.7 | −11.1** | |||
Agriculture | 5.2 | 3.3–7.9 | 0.114 | 9.4 | 7.8–11.1 | 0.933 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 0.023 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.6 |
Paid work | 23.0 | 20.2–26.0 | 27.0 | 24.1–30.0 | 29.6 | 27.3–32.0 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 3.6 | |||
Wealth, quintiles | ||||||||||||
Poorest | 19.9 | 17.1–23.1 | 15.1 | 13.1–17.2 | 15.7 | 13.7–18.0 | −4.8 | 0.6 | −4.2 | |||
Poorer | 19.0 | 16.2–22.2 | 15.9 | 13.9–18.1 | 15.8 | 13.7–18.1 | −3.1 | −0.1 | −3.2 | |||
Average | 16.0 | 13.1–19.5 | 0.378 | 13.5 | 11.6–15.7 | 0.624 | 15.0 | 12.9–17.2 | 0.198 | −2.5 | 1.5 | − 1 |
Richer | 13.8 | 11.2–16.8 | 14.5 | 12.7–16.6 | 14.2 | 12.3–16.4 | 0.7 | −0.3 | 0.4 | |||
Richest | 13.8 | 11.1–17.0 | 13.9 | 12.2–15.8 | 14.3 | 12.3–16.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |||
ANC attendance, visits | ||||||||||||
0 | 5.4 | 4.0–7.3 | 3.1 | 2.3–4.3 | 2.6 | 1.9–3.5 | −2.3 | −0.5 | −2.8** | |||
1–3 | 15.3 | 13.3–17.5 | 0.523 | 13.5 | 11.9–15.2 | 0.379 | 10.3 | 8.8–11.9 | 0.063 | −1.8 | −3.2 | −5** |
≥ 4 | 55.2 | 51.2–59.0 | 51.4 | 48.5–54.2 | 45.7 | 42.8–45.6 | −3.8 | −5.7** | −9.5** | |||
Don’t remember | 6.3 | 4.7–8.3 | 4.8 | 3.9–5.8 | 16.4 | 14.2–18.8 | −1.5 | 11.6** | 10.1** | |||
Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
Health facility | 63.5 | 59.9–67.0 | 0.870 | 60.0 | 57.1–62.7 | 0.342 | 65.9 | 63.4–68.4 | 0.456 | −3.5 | 5.9* | 2.4 |
Home/others | 19.0 | 16.8–22.3 | 12.9 | 11.2–14.8 | 9.0 | 7.6–10.6 | −6.1* | −3.9 | −10** | |||
Delivery mode | ||||||||||||
Vaginal | – | – | – | 66.9 | 64.3–69.5 | < 0.001 | 66.2 | 63.6–68.7 | < 0.001 | −0.7 | ||
Caesarean | – | – | – | 5.8 | 4.6–7.4 | 8.7 | 7.2–10.5 | 2.9 | ||||
Parity | ||||||||||||
1 | 23.3 | 20.9–26.0 | 23.6 | 21.2–26.3 | 23.9 | 21.8–26.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | |||
2–3 | 33.0 | 30.4–35.7 | 0.093 | 30.9 | 28.6–33.2 | 0.466 | 31.3 | 29.0–33.7 | 0.086 | −2.1 | 0.4 | −1.7 |
4+ | 26.1 | 23.1–29.4 | 18.3 | 16.3–20.5 | 19.7 | 17.6–22.0 | −7.8 | 1.4 | −6.4** | |||
Delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
Health professional | 73.9 | 70.7–76.8 | 68.2 | 65.6–70.7 | 72.1 | 69.7–74.4 | 0.049 | −5.7 | 3.9 | −1.8 | ||
TBAs | 2.0 | 1.3–3.1 | 0.438 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.1 | 0.062 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.5 | −0.7 | −1.1* | −1.8* | |
Relative/self | 6.2 | 4.7–8.2 | 3.3 | 2.4–4.4 | 2.6 | 2.0–3.5 | −2.9 | −0.7 | −3.6** | |||
Birth order | ||||||||||||
1 | 23.8 | 21.3–26.4 | 23.6 | 21.2–26.3 | 23.9 | 21.8–26.2 | 0.086 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||
2–3 | 32.8 | 30.2–35.6 | 0.111 | 30.9 | 28.6–33.2 | 0.466 | 31.3 | 28.9–33.7 | −1.9 | 0.4 | −1.5 | |
4+ | 25.8 | 22.8–29.1 | 18.3 | 16.3–20.5 | 19.7 | 17.6–22.0 | −7.5 | 1.4 | −6.1 | |||
Baby’s sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 41.2 | 37.8–44.6 | 0.426 | 36.4 | 34.0–38.9 | 0.284 | 36.8 | 34.4–39.2 | 0.134 | −4.8 | 0.4 | −4.4 |
Female | 41.3 | 38.3–44.3 | 36.4 | 33.8–39.1 | 38.1 | 35.7–40.6 | −4.9 | 1.7 | −3.2 | |||
Baby’s birth size | ||||||||||||
Small | 23.5 | 20.4–26.8 | 24.6 | 22.2–27.2 | 28.6 | 26.1–31.1 | 1.1 | 4 | 5.1 | |||
Average | 47.2 | 43.5–50.9 | 0.001 | 37.7 | 35.2–40.4 | 0.008 | 33.6 | 31.0–36.3 | 0.090 | −9.5** | −4.1 | −13.6** |
Large | 11.7 | 9.7–14.0 | 10.4 | 8.8–12.1 | 12.8 | 11.0–14.9 | −1.3 | 2.4 | 1.1 | |||