Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM

Table 2 Association between GDM and vitamin D deficiency in Saudi pregnant women

Vitamin D Status	Unadjusted	Adjustment 1	Adjustment 2	Adjustment 3
< 50 nmol/l	2.87 (1.32–6.25)	2.90 (1.07–7.89)	4.41 (1.19–16.42)	6.05 (1.16–31.42)
P value	0.008	0.04	0.03	0.03

Data presented as Odd Ratios (95% CI); Logistic regression was used taking GDM status as dependent variables and vitamin D Deficiency status as independent variable. Adjustment 1: season of blood sampling, sun exposure and vitamin D intake (IU/day). Adjustment 2: adjustment 1 + pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age, physical activity, Family history of GDM, parity, HbA1c, WHR, triglycerides; Adjustment 3: adjustment 1 + adjustment 2 and gestational weight gain

ISSN: 1471-2393