Table 3 Individual and facility-level factors associated with C-Section among women delivering in 17 large health facilities in Malawi

Year of admission

2010

1

0.07

1

0.09

1

0.02

1

2011

0.71 (0.50–1.01)

0.58 (0.37–0.91)

0.71 (0.50–1.00)

1.00 (0.73–1.38)

2012

0.65 (0.45–0.93)

0.71 (0.42–1.19)

0.61 (0.43–0.88)

0.83 (0.56–1.22)

2013

0.67 (0.49–0.92)

0.67 (0.43–1.07)

0.65 (0.48–0.87)

1.04 (0.73–1.49)

Maternal Obstetric Complication

None

1

< 0.01

1

< 0.01

1

< 0.01

1

Hemorrhage

5.85 (3.12–10.97)

7.02 (4.26–11.58)

5.80 (3.03–11.12)

4.25 (1.72–10.47)

OPL

32.23 (17.15–60.57)

29.43 (17.75–48.80)

33.61 (16.99–66.47)

29.88 (11.89–75.13)

Preeclampsia

21.76 (10.32–45.86)

27.18 (14.18–52.09)

22.14 (9.83–49.88)

11.23 (4.56–27.68)

Sepsis

4.25 (1.30–13.85)

1.35 (0.14–13.18)

8.13 (1.57–42.16)

1.20 (0.36–4.02)

RU

160.25 (75.41–340.51)

141.95 (34.98–576.08)

186.48 (66.45–523.27)

94.91 (43.33–207.89)

Others

52.85 (31.25–89.39)

51.75 (35.26–75.97)

55.-81 (33.24–93.69)

38.01 (15.13–95.52)

Infant Complication

None

1

0.01

1

< 0.01

1

< 0.01

1

Prematurity

0.99 (0.77–1.29)

1.12 (0.61–2.05)

0.95 (0.61–1.46)

1.11 (0.87–1.42)

LBW

1.40 (1.07–1.83)

0.77 (0.38–1.58)

1.75 (1.28–2.39)

1.09 (0.77–1.53)

Asphyxia

1.86 (1.29–2.67)

3.02 (1.83–4.96)

1.65 (1.08–2.53)

1.92 (1.33–2.76)

Others

1.59 (1.15–2.19)

2.20 (1.07–4.52)

1.53 (1.10–2.11)

1.14 (0.73–1.78)

No of previous deliveries

0

1

< 0.01

1

0.31

1

< 0.01

1

1

0.83 (0.74–0.93)

0.84 (0.63–1.12)

0.84 (0.74–0.95)

0.61 (0.49–0.76)

2–3

0.68 (0.56–0.83)

0.79 (0.55–1.13)

0.68 (0.55–0.84)

0.50 (0.40–0.62)

> 3

0.52 (0.41–0.66)

0.72 (0.50–1.05)

0.51 (0.39–0.67)

0.35 (0.26–0.45)

Age (years)

< 20

1

< 0.01

1

0.02

1

0.01

1

20–24

1.28 (1.12–1.47)

1.75 (1.25–2.44)

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.37 (1.12–1.67)

25–29

1.56 (1.27–1.93)

1.96 (1.23–3.11)

1.49 (1.16–1.92)

1.72 (1.34–2.21)

30–34

1.44 (1.15–1.81)

1.66 (0.99–2.78)

1.35 (1.03–1.78)

1.98 (1.50–2.61)

> 34

1.63 (1.34–1.99)

1.62 (1.00–2.64)

1.57 (1.21–2.03)

2.24 (1.75–2.85)

Singletons

Yes

1

< 0.01

1

0.35

1

0.03

1

No

1.49 (1.10–2.03)

1.31 (0.74–2.33)

1.51 (1.05–2.16)

1.58 (1.03–2.43)

ARVs during Pregnancy

None

N/A

N/A

N/A

1

<4wks

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.98 (0.72–1.32)

≥4wks

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.96 (0.81–1.12)

Facility Ownership

Govt.

1

0.90

1

0.57

1

0.36

1

CHAM

1.42 (0.65–3.13)

1.27 (0.55–2.94)

1.48 (0.64–3.41)

1.09 (0.62–1.90)

Facility Location

Rural

1

0.27

1

0.26

1

0.13

1

Urban

1.39 (0.91–2.12)

1.19 (0.88–1.62)

1.47 (0.89–2.41)

1.16 (0.91–1.46)