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Table 3 Demographic characteristics of women who participated in the survey

From: Enablers and barriers for women with gestational diabetes mellitus to achieve optimal glycaemic control – a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework

Characteristics

Women total

n = 60 (%)

Age (years)a

33 (±4.5)

Primigravida (G1P0)

27 (45)

BMI category b

 - Normal

21 (35)

 - Overweight

11 (18.3)

 - Obese (Class I)

11 (18.3)

 - Obese (Class II)

8 (13.3)

 - Obese (Class II)

9 (15)

 - Total obese

28 (46.6)

Ethnicity c

 - European

24 (40)

 - Māori

6 (10)

 - Asian

22 (36.7)

 - Pacific Peoples

7 (11.6)

 - MELAA

1 (1.7)

Highest educational qualifications after leaving school d

1. No qualification

3 (5)

2. Level 1 certificate

2 (3.3)

3. Level 2 certificate

4 (6.7)

4. Level 3 certificate

6 (10)

5. Level 4 certificate

4 (6.7)

6. Level 5 and level 6 Diploma

13 (21.7)

7. Bachelor degree and level 7 qualification

25 (41.6)

8. Post-graduate and honours degree

1 (1.7)

9. Master degree

2 (3.3)

New Zealand Deprivation indexe

 - 1 (least deprived)

8 (13.5)

 - 2

5 (8.4)

 - 3

5 (8.4)

 - 4

10 (16.7)

 - 5

7 (11.8)

 - 6

2 (3.4)

 - 7

5 (8.5)

 - 8

6 (10)

 - 9

5 (8.7)

 - 10 (most deprived)

6 (10)

Lead Maternity Carer (LMC) f

 - Midwife

55 (91.7)

 - Obstetrician

1 (1.7)

 - Hospital Team

4 (6.7)

Health history

Gestational age at GDM diagnosis (weeks)a

27.8 (±2.0)

Previous GDM

10 (16.7)

Previous hypertension

2 (3.3)

Current hypertension

3 (5)

Family history of hypertension

24 (40)

Family history of diabetes

27 (45)

Current smoker

3 (15)

Capillary blood glucose testing (CBG)

Weeks of self-testing capillary blood glucose at interviewa

6.8 (±2.3)

Daily self-testing CBG: four times

(Before breakfast, after breakfast, after lunch and after dinner)

32 (53)

Daily self-testing CBG: six times

(Before and after breakfast, lunch and dinner)

28 (47)

Current treatment

 - Diet only

18 (30)

 - Insulin and diet

13 (21.7)

 - Metformin and diet

17 (28.3)

 - Insulin, Metformin and diet

12 (20)

Interview type

Face-to-face interview

34 (57)

Phone interview

26 (43)

  1. Figures are numbers and percentages
  2. aMean and standard deviation
  3. bBMI categories: Underweight < 18.50; Normal range: ≥ 18.55–24.99; Overweight: ≥ 25.00–29.99; Obese (Class I) ≥ 30.00–34.99; Obese (Class II): Severe obese ≥35.00–39.99; Obese (Class II): Morbid obese: ≥ 40.00 (according to WHO and Ministry of Health categories) [44, 45]
  4. cas categorised by New Zealand government statistics groups for major ethnic groups. MELAA is an acronym for Middle Eastern/Latin American/African. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/infographic-culture-identity.aspx
  5. das categorised by New Zealand government statistics groups. http://archive.stats.govt.nz/?_ga=2.86002648.1123263351.1521524783-1632759419.1521524783
  6. eas categorised by New Zealand 2013 Deprivation Index, University of Otago, Department of Public Health. Deprivation score was unknown for one woman, as her address had no meshblock listed
  7. Http://www.otago.ac.nz/wellington/departments/publichealth/research/hirp/otago020194.html
  8. fA Lead Maternity Carer (LMC) in New Zealand provides lead maternity care (is in charge). This can be either a Midwife, Obstetrician, or GP. https://www.midwife.org.nz/in-new-zealand/contexts-for-practice