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Table 2 Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of women

From: Impact of adopting the 2013 World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort: a prospective study

 

Group 1: Non-GDM based on both 1999 and 2013 WHO criteria (n = 861)

Group 2: Reclassified from GDM to non-GDM using 2013 WHO criteria (n = 89)

Group 3: Reclassified from non-GDM to GDM using 2013 WHO criteria (n = 27)

Group 4: GDM based on both 1999 and 2013 WHO criteria (n = 115)

P value (Group 2 vs. 1)

P value (Group 3 vs. 1)

P value (Group 4 vs. 1)

Characteristics

 Age, years [mean (SD)]

30.2 (5.1)

32.2 (4.9)

31.2 (5.4)

32.7 (4.6)

0.001

0.348

< 0.001

 Body mass index, kgm−2 [mean (SD)]

23.3 (4.6)

24.0 (4.5)

28.0 (5.7)

25.5 (4.9)

0.195

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Gestational weight gain, z-score [mean (SD)]

−0.8 (1.1)

−0.8 (0.9)

−0.9 (1.2)

−1.1 (1.1)

0.581

0.792

0.024

Education, n (%)

 None/ primary/ secondary

573 (67.5)

48 (53.9)

20 (80.0)

70 (60.9)

0.010

0.187

0.157

 Tertiary

276 (32.5)

41 (46.1)

5 (20.0)

45 (39.1)

   

 Multiparous, n (%)

450 (52.9)

46 (51.7)

20 (74.1)

70 (60.9)

0.821

0.030

0.109

 Positive family history of diabetes, n (%)

242 (28.1)

28 (31.5)

16 (59.3)

39 (33.9)

0.504

< 0.001

0.197

 Smoking during pregnancy, n (%)

23 (2.7)

2 (2.3)

1 (3.8)

1 (0.9)

> 0.950

0.517

0.346

Type of conception, n (%)

 Natural

810 (94.1)

83 (93.3)

25 (92.6)

98 (85.2)

0.757

0.673

< 0.001

 in vitro fertilization

51 (5.9)

6 (6.7)

2 (7.4)

17 (14.8)

   

Maternal Outcomes

 Insulin requirement, n (%)

0

5 (5.6)

0

12 (10.4)

< 0.001

–

< 0.001

 Induction of labour, n (%)

260 (34.9)

36 (50.0)

9 (42.9)

51 (51.5)

0.011

0.448

0.001

 Caesarean section, n (%)

242 (30.1)

32 (40.0)

11 (40.7)

34 (30.6)

0.069

0.239

0.915

 Instrumental delivery, n (%)

48 (7.9)

9 (15.8)

0

4 (4.9)

0.049

0.626

0.346

 Hypertension and/ or preeclampsia, n (%)

57 (6.6)

5 (5.6)

3 (11.1)

16 (13.9)

0.716

0.420

0.005

Neonatal Outcomes

 Gestation at birth, weeks [mean (SD)]

38.4 (1.4)

38.2 (1.4)

38.1 (1.3)

37.9 (2.2)

0.078

0.200

0.008

 Prematurity, n (%)

52 (6.1)

11 (12.4)

2 (7.4)

13 (11.3)

0.025

0.680

0.038

 Apgar score at 1 min [mean (SD)]

8.9 (0.6)

8.8 (0.6)

8.6 (1.6)

8.8 (0.8)

0.297

0.379

0.179

 Apgar score at 5 min [mean (SD)]

9.0 (0.1)

9.0 (0.1)

8.9 (0.6)

9.0 (0.3)

0.456

0.369

0.569

 Birth weight-for-gestational age, z-score [mean (SD)]

0.1 (1.1)

0.1 (1.1)

0.7 (1.2)

0.5 (1.6)

0.861

0.006

0.012

 Small for gestational age, n (%)

91 (10.7)

10 (11.2)

1 (3.7)

11 (9.6)

0.881

0.348

0.706

 Large for gestational age, n (%)

124 (14.6)

14 (15.7)

6 (22.2)

25 (21.7)

0.776

0.271

0.047

 Macrosomia, n (%)

15 (1.8)

1 (1.1)

1 (3.7)

2 (1.7)

> 0.950

0.397

> 0.950

 Shoulder dystocia, n (%)

1 (0.1)

2 (2.4)

0

0

0.025

> 0.950

> 0.950

 Hypoglycaemia, n (%)

15 (1.9)

6 (7.3)

1 (3.8)

18 (16.2)

0.011

0.413

< 0.001

 Neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy, n (%)

86 (11.2)

17 (20.2)

7 (26.9)

22 (20.2)

0.015

0.024

0.007

 Neonatal intensive care unit admission, n (%)

30 (3.6)

5 (5.7)

2 (7.7)

6 (5.2)

0.368

0.247

0.427

  1. GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, WHO World Health Organization, P value based on independent t-test, Pearson’s Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate