Table 3 Determinants of 4+ antenatal visits in Ghana – marginal effect estimates

Woman’s_Age

0.0223^***

0.0261^**

0.0216^**

0.0246^***

0.0061

(0.0054)

(0.0114)

(0.0099)

(0.0089)

(0.0102)

Woman’s age Square

−0.0003^***

−0.0003^*

−0.0003^**

−0.0003^**

−0.0001

(0.0001)

(0.0002)

(0.0002)

(0.0001)

(0.0001)

Birth Order: 2nd Birth

−0.0422^**

−0.0533

−0.0810^*

−0.0638^*

0.0210

(0.0190)

(0.0357)

(0.0435)

(0.0357)

(0.0355)

Birth Order: 3rd Birth

−0.0572^**

−0.0642

−0.0699

−0.0971^**

0.0078

(0.0228)

(0.0453)

(0.0454)

(0.0472)

(0.0384)

Birth Order: 4th Birth

−0.0944^***

−0.1145^**

−0.0622

−0.1193^***

−0.0237

(0.0214)

(0.0447)

(0.0476)

(0.0396)

(0.0417)

Woman’s Education: Primary

0.0310^***

0.0388^*

0.0142

−0.0133

0.0764^***

(0.0119)

(0.0212)

(0.0185)

(0.0221)

(0.0254)

Woman’s Education: Secondary

0.0808^***

0.1096^***

0.1094^***

0.0276

0.0702^**

(0.0141)

(0.0252)

(0.0322)

(0.0241)

(0.0335)

Woman’s Education: Tetiary

0.1148^***

0.0595^***

0.1320^**

(0.0326)

(0.0226)

(0.0670)

Partner Education: Primary

0.0336^**

0.0274

−0.0133

0.0202

0.0698^***

(0.0136)

(0.0261)

(0.0353)

(0.0256)

(0.0247)

Partner Education: Secondary

0.0437^***

0.0704^**

0.0011

0.0251

0.0607^*

(0.0138)

(0.0287)

(0.0286)

(0.0247)

(0.0335)

Partner Education: Tetiary

0.1089^***

0.1347^***

0.0471^*

0.1273^***

0.0368

(0.0166)

(0.0238)

(0.0280)

(0.0238)

(0.0516)

Muslim Dummy

−0.0216

0.0133

0.0078

−0.0649^***

−0.0282

(0.0159)

(0.0277)

(0.0204)

(0.0249)

(0.0280)

Ethnicity: Ga/Dangme

−0.0727^**

−0.0029

0.0228

−0.1891^***

(0.0327)

(0.0586)

(0.0262)

(0.0510)

Ethnicity: Ewe and Guan

−0.0383^**

−0.0496^**

−0.0239

−0.0707^**

−0.3705

(0.0178)

(0.0243)

(0.0372)

(0.0318)

(0.3045)

Ethnicity: Northern Groups

0.0344^*

−0.0098

0.0422^**

0.0275

−0.1515^**

(0.0207)

(0.0416)

(0.0200)

(0.0239)

(0.0628)

Ethnicity: Others

−0.0184

−0.0014

0.0279

−0.0146

−0.5808^**

(0.0374)

(0.0608)

(0.0323)

(0.0633)

(0.2370)

Number of Elderly Women in HH

−0.0208^***

−0.0089

−0.0174

−0.0082

−0.0288^**

(0.0074)

(0.0128)

(0.0125)

(0.0136)

(0.0131)

Wealth Quintile: Poorer

0.0483^***

0.0544^**

0.0280

0.0355^**

0.0637^***

(0.0117)

(0.0211)

(0.0225)

(0.0181)

(0.0233)

Wealth Quintile: Middle

0.0493^***

0.0712^***

0.0321

0.0474^**

0.0599

(0.0133)

(0.0243)

(0.0279)

(0.0212)

(0.0389)

Wealth Quintile: Richer

0.1020^***

0.1398^***

0.0603

0.0884^***

0.1322^***

(0.0131)

(0.0218)

(0.0384)

(0.0199)

(0.0322)

Wealth Quintile: Richest

0.1379^***

0.1397^***

0.1846^*

0.1359^***

0.0105

(0.0142)

(0.0217)

(0.0953)

(0.0204)

(0.0769)

Eco_Zone: Greater Accra

−0.0466

(0.0331)

Eco_Zone: Middle

0.0006

(0.0139)

Eco_Zone: Northern

0.0475^**

(0.0230)

Rural Dummy

−0.0097

0.0147

−0.0224

0.0028

−0.0548

(0.0155)

(0.0254)

(0.0519)

(0.0251)

(0.0366)

NSCPHGW

0.0718^***

−0.0269

−0.0040

0.0334

0.1898^***

(0.0254)

(0.0380)

(0.0556)

(0.0268)

(0.0617)

NSCPHFT

0.0811^*

0.2519^*

−0.0254

0.1763^**

0.0999

(0.0486)

(0.1329)

(0.0352)

(0.0850)

(0.1574)

Year 2014

0.1569^***

0.1974^***

0.0978^**

0.1862^***

0.1212^**

(0.0195)

(0.0262)

(0.0386)

(0.0266)

(0.0476)

N

6386

1763

543

1922

2063

pseudo R²

0.168

0.180

0.322

0.182

0.153

p

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000