Table 2 Outcomes at three months postpartum. “Intention to treat” model based analyses with early pregnancy (baseline) mean for all participants, and comparisons between groups at postpartum presented as mean, 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value. Weight retention was estimated based both on the difference between postpartum weight and early pregnancy (baseline) weight, and between postpartum weight and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight
Outcomes at postpartum | Baseline | Exercise Group (n = 36) | Control Group (n = 34) | Between-Group Comparison | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean Diff | 95% CI | p-value | ||
Weight (kg) | 96.8 | 96.0 | 92.7, 99.3 | 95.2 | 91.9, 98.5 | 0.82 | −1.83, 3.46 | 0.54 |
PPWR1 (kg)a | - 0.8 | −2.7, 1.1 | −1.6 | −3.5, 0.3 | 0.82 | −1.83, 3.84 | 0.54 | |
PPWR2 (kg)b | 1.52 | −0.73, 3.78 | 0.52 | −1.82, 2.86 | 1.0 | −2.15, 4.16 | 0.53 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 34.5 | 34.2 | 33.2, 35.3 | 33.9 | 32.9, 35.0 | 0.29 | −0.67, 1.25 | 0.55 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 107.5 | 105.0 | 101.7, 108.2 | 102.9 | 99.6, 106.2 | 2.06 | −1.34, 5.47 | 0.24 |
Body compositionc | ||||||||
Fat mass (kg) | 43.1 | 42.1 | 39.6, 44.6 | 42.0 | 39.5, 44.5 | 0.11 | −2.05, 0.92 | 0.92 |
Fat mass (%) | 44.6 | 44.2 | 43.0, 45.5 | 43.9 | 42.7, 45.2 | 0.28 | −0.83, 1.38 | 0.62 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 52.7 | 52.1 | 50.4, 53.7 | 53.0 | 51.4, 54.7 | −0.96 | −2.83, 0.92 | 0.32 |
Fat-free mass (%) | 55.4 | 55.7 | 54.4, 57.1 | 56.4 | 55.1, 57.7 | −0.65 | −1.97, 0.67 | 0.33 |
Skinfold thickness | ||||||||
Biceps area (mm) | 21.1 | 16.7 | 14.7, 18.7 | 17.5 | 15.5, 19.6 | −0.85 | −3.15, 1.44 | 0.47 |
Triceps area (mm) | 30.0 | 26.4 | 24.4, 28.4 | 26.8 | 24.8, 28.8 | −0.43 | −2.67, 1.82 | 0.71 |
Subscapular area (mm) | 31.8 | 28.5 | 26.3, 30.8 | 30.0 | 27.7–32.3 | −1.44 | −4.03, 1.16 | 0.28 |
Blood pressure | ||||||||
Systolic BP (mm/Hg) | 124.5 | 120.6 | 117.5, 123.8 | 124.02 | 120.7, 127.4 | −3.40 | −7.70, −0.99 | 0.13 |
Diastolic BP (mm/Hg) | 76.0 | 75.8 | 73.3, 78.4 | 78.4 | 75.7, 81.1 | −2.61 | −6.19, 0.96 | 0.15 |
Blood measurements | ||||||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.7 | 5.1 | 4.9, 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8, 5.26 | 0.02 | −0.24, 0.27 | 0.91 |
120-min glucose (mmol/l) | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.7, 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.3, 6.4 | −0.60 | −0.60, 1.31 | 0.10 |
Insulin (pmol/l) | 139.6 | 106.3 | 83.3, 129.2 | 141.4 | 118.1, 164.6 | −35.10 | −62.78, −7.15 | 0.01 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.2, 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3, 5.5 | −0.10 | −0.25, 0.04 | 0.17 |
Insulin C-peptide (nmol/l) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | −0.01 | −0.14, 0.11 | 0.82 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.2 | −0.21 | −0.47, 0.05 | 0.12 |
Ferritin (pmol/l) | 127.0 | 69.9 | 56.0, 83.6 | 64.5 | 49.7, 79.1 | 5.46 | −14.81, 25.71 | 0.60 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5, 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4, 1.6 | −0.02 | −0.14, 0.11 | 0.81 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.8, 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.8, 3.5 | −0.08 | −0.51, 0.34 | 0.71 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.5, 5.2 | 5.1 | 4.7, 5.4 | −0.23 | −0.71, 0.25 | 0.34 |
Haemoglobin (g/l) | 126.7 | 128.4 | 125.4, 131.5 | 129.7 | 126.5, 132.9 | −1.30 | −5.50, 2.90 | 0.56 |
High-sensitive CRP (mg/l) | 10.7 | 4.2 | 2.9, 5.6 | 4.8 | 3.4, 6.2 | −0.58 | −2.50, 1.34 | 0.55 |
HOMA2-IR | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.5, 4.6 | 5.0 | 3.9, 6.0 | −1.44 | −2.89, 0.01 | 0.05 |