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Table 2 Results by intervention type for primary and key secondary outcomes in systematic review of the use of probiotics and/or prebiotics during pregnancy

From: Pregnancy outcomes in women taking probiotics or prebiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Outcome

Intervention

Studies

N

I2

RR/MD (95% CI)

PTB < 34

Probiotics

5

1017

0%

RR 1.03 (0.29–3.64)

 

Prebiotics

0

–

–

–

PTB < 37

Probiotics

11

2484

0%

RR 1.08 (0.71–1.63)

 

Prebiotics

1

116

–

RR 1.43 (0.06–34.17)

Gestational age (weeks)

Probiotics

8

1133

0%

MD 0.07 weeks (-0.09–0.23)

 

Prebiotics

1

115

–

MD -0.37 weeks (-1.14–0.40)

Birth weight (grams)

Probiotics

10

1608

0%

MD 10.66 g (-35.85–57.18)

 

Prebiotics

1

116

–

MD -63.95 g (-262.02–134.12)

SGA

Probiotics

3

318

50%

RR 1.03 (0.35–3.06)

 

Prebiotics

0

–

–

–

LGA

Probiotics

3

316

0%

RR 0.96 (0.47–1.94)

 

Prebiotics

0

–

–

–

GDM

Probiotics

2

355

0%

RR 1.25 (0.61–2.56)

 

Prebiotics

0

–

–

–

PPROM

Probiotics

2

366

0%

RR 1.37 (0.63–2.99)

 

Prebiotics

0

–

–

–

  1. Abbreviations: GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, LGA large for gestational age, N Number of women in the meta-analysis, PPROM Preterm premature rupture of the membranes, PTB preterm birth; SGA Small for gestational age