From: Pregnancy outcomes in women taking probiotics or prebiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study (Country) | Study population (sample size) | Intervention | Control group | Intervention period | Potential conflicts of interest | Risk of bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prebiotics vs placebo | ||||||
Bergmann, 2008 (Germany) [44] | Healthy pregnant women (144) |
Group 1: Flavored and acidified milk-based supplement, vitamins, minerals and Fructo-oligosaccharides Group 2: Flavored and acidified milk-based supplement, vitamins, minerals and Fructo-oligosaccharides and Docosahexaenoic acid | Placebo | From 21 to 37 weeks of pregnancy. | Yes | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo or treatment as usual | ||||||
Kalliomaki 2001 (Finland) [52] | Women carrying a fetus at risk of atopic disease (159) | L. rhamnosus GG | Placebo | 2–4 weeks before expected delivery | NR | Low |
Abrahamsson 2007 (Sweden) [45] | Women carrying a fetus at risk of allergies (232) | L. reuteri | Placebo | From 4 weeks before term until delivery | Yes | Low |
Niers, 2009, (Netherlands) [43] | Women carrying a fetus at risk of allergies (156) |
B. animalis subsp. lactis W52 B. bifidum W23 Lc. lactis W58 | Placebo | Last 6 weeks of pregnancy | Yes | Unclear |
Laitinen 2009 (Finland) [23] | Healthy pregnant women (256) |
Dietary counselling L. rhamnosus GG B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 |
Group 1: dietary counselling with placebo. Group 2: placebo only | From mean gestational week of 13.9 ± 1.6 until delivery | Yesb | Low |
Kim, 2010 (Korea) [42] | Women carrying a fetus at risk of allergies (112) |
L. acidophilus AD031 B. bifidum BGN4 B. animalis subsp. lactis AD011 | Placebo | From 8 weeks before the expected delivery to delivery | NR | Unclear |
Allen, 2010 (United Kingdom) [50] | Mostly (91%) women carrying a fetus at risk of atopy (454) |
L. salivarius CUL61 L. paracasei CUL08 B. animalis subsp. Lactis CUL34 B. bifidum CUL20 | Placebo | Last month of pregnancy | Yes | Low |
Dotterund 2010 (Norway) | Healthy pregnant women (415) |
(Probiotic milk) L. rhamnosus GG L. acidophilus LA5 B. animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12 | Placebo | From 36 weeks of gestation to delivery | Yes | Low |
Asemi 2011 (Iran) [47] | Healthy pregnant women (82) |
(Probiotic yogurt) L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus L. acidophilus LA5 B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 S. thermophiles | Conventional yogurt (containing starter cultures of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus) | From 28 to 37 weeks of gestation | Yesc | Unclear |
Boyle 2011 (Australia) [48] | Women carrying a fetus at risk of allergies (250) | L. rhamnosus GG | Placebo | 36 weeks gestation until delivery | Yesa | Low |
Krauss-Silva 2011 (Brazil) [41] | Healthy pregnant women with Nugent scores ≥4 (644) |
L. rhamnosus GR1 L. reuteri RC14 | Placebo | Six to twelve weeks (depending on the participant’ s gestational age at the time of enrolment) up until the 24th -26th week of gestation. | Uncleard | Low |
Rautava, 2012, (Finland) [31] | Women carrying a fetus at risk of allergies (241) |
Group 1: Dietary food supplement L. rhamnosus LPR B. longum BL999 Group 2: Dietary food supplement, L. paracasei ST11 B. longum BL999 | Placebo | Last two months of pregnancy | Yes | Low |
Ou, 2012, (Taiwan) [53] | Pregnant women with allergies (191) | L. rhamnosus GG | Placebo | From 24 weeks of gestation to delivery | NR | Low |
Hantoushzadeh, 2012, (Iran) [40] | Women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis (310) |
(Probiotic yogurt) L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus L. acidophilus B. animalis subsp. lactis S. thermophiles | Orally-administered clindamycin (300 mg twice a day for 1 week) | One week starting at mean week of gestation 36.43 ± 1.32 | Uncleare | Low |
Lindsay 2014 (Ireland) [37] | Obese women (165) | L. salivarius UCC118 | Placebo | Four weeks starting at 24th week of gestation | Unclearf | Low |
Dolatkhah, 2015, (Iran) [36] | Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (64) |
L. acidophilus LA5 L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBY-27 B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 S. thermophiles STY31 | Placebo | Eight weeks, starting between 24 and 28 + 6 weeks of gestation | Yesg | Low |
Lindsay 2015 (Ireland) [37] | Women with impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus (149) | L. salivarius UCC118 | Placebo | From mean week of gestation 31.5 ± 2.2 until delivery | Yes | Low |
Mastromarino 2015 (Italy) [54] | Healthy pregnant women (67) |
L. acidophilus
L. plantarum L. paracasei L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus B. longum B. breve B. infantis S. thermophiles | Placebo | From the 36th week of pregnancy until delivery | No | Low |
Karamali, 2016 (Iran) [46] | Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (60) |
L. acidophilus
L. casei B. bifidum | Placebo | Six weeks starting at 24–28 weeks of gestation | No | Low |
Jafarnejad 2016 (Iran) [49] | Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (82) |
L. acidophilus
L. plantarum L. paracasei L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus B. breve B. longum B. infantis S. thermophilus | Placebo | Eight weeks starting at a mean gestational week 26.4 (SD not reported) | No | Unclear |
Ho 2016 (Taiwan) [35] | Group B Streptococcus- positive pregnant women (110) |
L. rhamnosus GR1 L. reuteri RC14 | Placebo | Intervention lasted a mean of 21.1 ± 5.5 days until delivery. | No | Low |