Maternal vitamin D status, gestational diabetes and infant birth size

Hauta-alus, Helena H.; Viljakainen, Heli T.; Holmlund-Suila, Elisa M.; Enlund-Cerullo, Maria; Rosendahl, Jenni; Valkama, Saara M.; Helve, Otto M.; Hytinantti, Timo K.; Mäkitie, Outi M.; Andersson, Sture

doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1600-5

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Table 2 Independent effect of maternal factors on birth size^a

From: Maternal vitamin D status, gestational diabetes and infant birth size

	Birth weight (SDS)		Birth length (SDS)	Head circumference (SDS)^b	Ponderal index (z-score)^c
Maternal factors	n	p value	p value	p value	p value
Prepregnancy BMI		0.020	0.201	0.364	0.719
Underweight	19	−0.49 ± 0.17	−0.36 ± 0.19	−0.34 ± 0.22	−0.12 ± 0.23
Normal weight	494	−0.30 ± 0.03	−0.23 ± 0.04	−0.14 ± 0.04	−0.01 ± 0.05
Overweight	117	−0.13 ± 0.07	−0.12 ± 0.08	−0.04 ± 0.09	0.08 ± 0.09
Obese	44	−0.05 ± 0.12	−0.01 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.14	0.08 ± 0.16
Gestational weight gain		<0.001	0.006	0.186	0.505
Inadequate	164	−0.43 ± 0.06	−0.37 ± 0.07	−0.23 ± 0.07	−0.05 ± 0.08
Adequate	261	−0.28 ± 0.05	−0.20 ± 0.05	−0.11 ± 0.06	−0.02 ± 0.06
Excessive	242	−0.12 ± 0.05	−0.09 ± 0.06	−0.05 ± 0.06	0.07 ± 0.07
Prepregnancy smoking		0.021	0.227	0.093	0.173
Yes	101	−0.43 ± 0.08	−0.30 ± 0.09	−0.27 ± 0.10	−0.13 ± 0.11
No	573	−0.23 ± 0.03	−0.18 ± 0.04	−0.09 ± 0.04	0.03 ± 0.04
Maternal education		0.972	0.670	0.721	0.634
Higher	513	−0.26 ± 0.03	−0.19 ± 0.04	−0.11 ± 0.04	−0.00 ± 0.05
Lower	161	−0.26 ± 0.06	−0.23 ± 0.07	−0.14 ± 0.08	0.04 ± 0.08
Parity		<0.001	<0.001	0.007	0.027
Nullipara	431	−0.40 ± 0.04	−0.32 ± 0.04	−0.20 ± 0.05	−0.05 ± 0.05
Secundipara	185	−0.03 ± 0.05	−0.05 ± 0.06	−0.03 ± 0.07	0.18 ± 0.07
Multipara	58	0.04 ± 0.10	0.22 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.12	−0.07 ± 0.13
Gestational diabetes mellitus	0.063		0.559	0.351	0.075
Yes	76	−0.10 ± 0.09	−0.15 ± 0.10	−0.02 ± 0.11	0.21 ± 0.12
No	598	−0.28 ± 0.03	−0.21 ± 0.03	−0.13 ± 0.04	−0.02 ± 0.04
Pregnancy 25(OH)D concentration		0.010	0.095	0.398	0.236
Suboptimal (<80 nmol/L)	333	−0.34 ± 0.04	−0.26 ± 0.05	−0.15 ± 0.05	−0.04 ± 0.06
Optimal (≥80 nmol/L)	341	−0.19 ± 0.04	−0.15 ± 0.05	−0.09 ± 0.05	0.05 ± 0.06
UCB 25(OH)D concentration	0.149		0.486	0.003	0.234
Suboptimal (<80 nmol/L)	369	−0.22 ± 0.04	−0.18 ± 0.04	−0.02 ± 0.05	0.05 ± 0.05
Optimal (≥80 nmol/L)	305	−0.31 ± 0.04	−0.23 ± 0.05	−0.24 ± 0.05	−0.05 ± 0.06

25(OH)D 25-hydroxy vitamin D, UCB umbilical cord blood
Values are adjusted mean ± SEM. p value is in bold when statistically significant
^a Adjusted for maternal height and other listed maternal factors as changing covariates
^b Two values are missing from analyses
^c Adjusted for gestational age

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ISSN: 1471-2393

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