Maternal vitamin D status, gestational diabetes and infant birth size

Table 1 Maternal characteristics in GDM and non-GDM mothers. P-values refer to differences between the groups

Maternal characteristics	n	Non-GDM	n	GDM	p value
Age at delivery (y)	642	31.4 ± 4.3	81	32.7 ± 4.5	0.018
Level of education^a	632	5.0 ± 1.3	79	4.7 ± 1.4	0.051
Parity	640	1.5 ± 0.7	81	1.5 ± 0.7	0.275
Prepregnancy smoking, number of cigarettes daily	625	1.2 ± 3.7	76	2.0 ± 4.6	0.064
Alcohol consumption before pregnancy, portion/wk.	625	1.9 ± 2.0	78	2.3 ± 3.5	0.755
Prepregnancy height (cm)	642	166.3 ± 6.0	81	165.9 ± 5.4	0.398
Prepregnancy weight (kg)	631	63.5 ± 10.2	81	72.1 ± 13.5	<0.001
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)	639	23.0 ± 3.5	81	26.2 ± 4.8	<0.001
Duration of gestation at OGTT (wk)	323	26.3 ± 4.3	80	25.9 ± 5.9	0.774
Duration of gestation at pregnancy blood sampling (wk)	642	11.3 ± 1.9	81	11.2 ± 2.2	0.089
Duration of gestation at delivery (wk)	642	40.2 ± 1.1	81	40.1 ± 1.1	0.410
Pregnancy 25(OH)D (nmol/L)	642	81.9 ± 19.5	81	80.0 ± 21.2	0.417
UCB 25(OH)D (nmol/L)	642	80.1 ± 20.0	81	78.4 ± 18.8	0.448
Supplemental vitamin D intake during pregnancy (μg/d)	621	15.5 ± 16.6	76	13.5 ± 10.8	0.162
Cumulative gestational weight gain at^b (kg)					0.093
first measurement	580	1.7 ± 0.5	74	1.6 ± 0.5
12th gestational week	580	3.8 ± 1.0	74	3.6 ± 1.1
20th gestational week	580	6.3 ± 0.8	74	6.2 ± 0.8
30th gestational week	580	9.7 ± 0.5	74	9.7 ± 0.4
last measurement	580	13.8 ± 0.4	74	13.7 ± 0.3

GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxy vitamin D, UCB umbilical cord blood
Values are means ± SD
^aScale from 1 = lower secondary education to 6 = first or second stage of tertiary education
^bValues are adjusted for duration of gestation

ISSN: 1471-2393