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Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the SMO cases and controls

From: Severe maternal outcomes and quality of care at district hospitals in Rwanda– a multicentre prospective case-control study

 

Cases (%)

Controls (%)

Total

Chi-square

P-value

Age

  < 20

16 (7.5)

15 (3.5)

31 (4.8)

22.02

0.000

 20–35

145 (67.8)

359 (83.9)

504 (78.5)

  > 35

53 (28.4)

54 (12.6)

107 (16.7)

Marital statusa (N = 630)

 Married

182 (85.0)

402 (94.4)

584 (91.3)

15.49

0.000

 Unmarried

32 (15.0)

24 (5.6)

56 (8.8)

Professiona (N = 641)

 Farmer

200 (93.5)

423 (99.1)

623 (97.2)

17.92

0.000

 Other profession

5 (2.3)

3 (0.7)

8 (1.2)

 Unemployed

9 (4.2)

1 (0.2)

10 (1.6)

Education levela (N = 637)

 Never been to school

15 (7.1)

21 (4.9)

36 (5.7)

7.36

0.25

 Primary education

174 (82.5)

327 (76.8)

501 (78.6)

 Secondary and higher

22 (10.4)

78 (18.3)

100 (15.7)

Medical Insurance

 No

13 (6.1)

38 (8.9)

51(7.9)

1.53

0.216

 Yes

201 (93.9)

390 (91.1)

591 (92.1)

Clinical characteristics

 Parity

  0

60 (28.0)

179 (41.8)

239 (37.2)

15.18

0.002

  1

41 (19.2)

78 (18.2)

119 (18.5)

  2 to 4

84 (39.3)

140 (32.7)

224 (34.9)

   ≥ 5

29 (13.6)

31 (7.2)

60 (9.3)

 Gravidity

  1

65 (30.4)

181 (42.3)

246 (38.3)

13.25

0.001

  2 to 4

105 (49.1)

197 (46.0)

302 (47.0)

   ≥ 5

44 (20.6)

50 (11.7)

94 (14.6)

 Previous C/S

  No

152 (71.0)

325 (75.9)

477 (74.3)

1.80

0.18

  Yes

62 (29.0)

103 (24.1)

165 (25.7)

 Previous abortion

  No

204 (95.3)

401 (93.7)

605 (94.2)

0.70

0.402

  Yes

10 (4.7)

27 (6.3)

37 (5.8)

 ANCa (N = 626)

  0

55 (27.4)

44 (10.4)

99 (15.8)

31.91

0.000

  1

27 (13.4)

50 (11.8)

77 (12.3)

  2 to 3

95 (47.3)

263 (61.9)

358 (57.2)

   ≥ 4

24 (11.9)

68 (16)

92 (14.7)

 Gestational agea (N = 594)

   < 24 weeks

40 (21.7)

1 (0.2)

41 (6.9)

179.67

0.000

  24–36 weeks

34 (18.5)

1 (0.2)

35 (5.9)

   ≥ 37 weeks

110 (59.8)

408 (99.5)

518 (87.2)

Outcomes

 Baby’s condition at birtha (N = 568)

  Alive (501)

76 (53.9)

425 (99.5)

501 (88.2)

212.13

0.000

  Still birth (67)

65 (46.1)

2 (0.5)

67 (11.8)

 Mode of deliverya (N = 532)

  Vaginal delivery (n = 274)

44 (45.8)

230 (53.9)

274 (52.4)

2.03

0.155

  Caesarean section (n = 249)

52 (54.2)

197 (46.1)

249 (47.6)

 Length of hospital staya (N = 641)

  0 to 1 day

17 (8)

140 (32.7)

157 (24.5)

104.97

0.000

  2 to 3 days

47 (22.1)

152 (35.5)

199 (31.0)

  4 to 7 days

126 (59.2)

132 (30.8)

258 (40.2)

  More than 7 days

23 (10.8)

4 (0.9)

27 (4.2)

  1. a Missing information for some cases