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Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression models showing relationship between intimate partner violence and postnatal care behaviors and services (n = 10,469)

From: Associations of intimate partner violence with postnatal health practices in Bihar, India

 

Clean cord care

Skin-to-skin care

Early initiation of breastfeeding

Delay of first bath

Postnatal care within 48 h

Exclusive breastfeeding

Post-partum contraception

Lifetime experience of intimate partner violence

 Never

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Physical only

0.92

(0.78–1.08)

1.66

(1.41–1.96)***

0.81

(0.71–0.93)**

1.19

(1.03–1.37)*

1.16

(0.95–1.42)

0.83

(0.71–0.96)*

0.82

(0.68–0.998)*

 Sexual only

0.91

(0.58–1.41)

1.33

(0.85–2.06)

0.52

(0.36–0.76)***

0.87

(0.60–1.26)

1.22

(0.65–2.29)

0.74

(0.49–1.12)

0.91

(0.56–1.46)

 Physical and sexual

0.82

(0.66–1.02)

0.87

(0.68–1.12)

0.83

(0.67–1.01)

0.76

(0.63–0.91)**

1.14

(0.85–1.55)

0.92

(0.75–1.15)

1.35

(1.07–1.71)*

Ananya district

 No

REF

REF

REF

REF

–

REF

REF

 Yes

1.52

(1.24–1.85)***

1.53

(1.25–1.88)***

1.21

(1.04–1.41)*

1.53

(1.29–1.82)***

–

1.16

(1.00–1.34)*

1.48

(1.18–1.86)**

Age

 15–19

–

REF

REF

REF

–

–

REF

 20–24

–

0.90

(0.60–1.36)

1.44

(1.10–1.89)**

0.72

(0.50–1.04)

–

–

0.92

(0.58–1.44)

 25–29

–

0.77

(0.50–1.19)

1.49

(1.11–2.00)**

0.66

(0.44–0.99)*

–

–

0.91

(0.56–1.48)

 30+

–

0.97

(0.62–1.52)

1.49

(1.10–2.02)**

0.75

(0.50–1.11)

–

–

1.02

(0.65–1.61)

Age at marriage

  < 18

REF

REF

REF

REF

–

REF

REF

 18+

1.40

(1.20–1.63)***

1.15

(0.98–1.34)

1.17

(1.04–1.32)**

1.18

(1.04–1.34)**

–

1.14

(0.99–1.32)

1.06

(0.89–1.25)

Wealth quartile

 1 (poorest)

REF

REF

–

REF

REF

REF

REF

 2

0.96

(0.80–1.16)

1.08

(0.88–1.34)

–

0.85

(0.72–1.01)

1.13

(0.85–1.50)

1.06

(0.87–1.29)

1.12

(0.89–1.41)

 3

0.80

(0.68–0.96)*

1.27

(1.00–1.60)*

–

0.88

(0.74–1.04)

1.18

(0.91–1.54)

0.92

(0.76–1.11)

1.38

(1.11–1.72)**

 4 (wealthiest)

0.92

(0.71–1.18)

1.30

(1.04–1.62)*

–

0.89

(0.73–1.08)

0.90

(0.67–1.22)

0.84

(0.69–1.03)

1.43

(1.13–1.82)**

Education

 None

REF

–

REF

REF

–

–

–

 Primary

0.95

(0.80–1.12)

–

1.16

(1.02–1.34)*

1.04

(0.89–1.20)

–

–

–

 Secondary

0.92

(0.73–1.15)

–

0.85

(0.73–1.00)

0.98

(0.81–1.20)

–

–

–

Spouse’s education

 None

REF

–

–

REF

–

REF

–

 Primary

0.85

(0.71–1.03)

–

–

0.94

(0.80–1.09)

–

0.84

(0.72–0.98)*

–

 Secondary

0.72

(0.59–0.89)**

–

–

1.01

(0.85–1.20)

–

0.92

(0.77–1.10)

–

Caste/religion

 Neither SC/ST nor Muslim

–

REF

REF

REF

–

–

REF

 SC/ST

–

1.04

(0.85–1.27)

0.94

(0.81–1.11)

0.85

(0.71–1.02)

–

–

1.00

(0.80–1.24)

 Muslim

–

0.79

(0.62–1.00)

0.77

(0.63–0.95)*

1.09

(0.91–1.30)

–

–

0.59

(0.45–0.78)***

Gender of focal child

 Female

–

–

–

–

–

–

REF

 Male

–

–

–

–

–

–

1.17

(0.99–1.39)

Parity

 1

–

REF

REF

REF

–

REF

REF

 2

–

0.97

(0.83–1.13)

1.29

(1.10–1.51)**

1.05

(0.90–1.23)

–

1.25

(1.06–1.47)**

1.75

(1.37–2.25)***

 3+

–

0.91

(0.77–1.09)

1.26

(1.05–1.52)*

1.08

(0.90–1.29)

–

1.18

(1.01–1.37)*

3.39

(2.61–4.40)***

 Age of child (months)1

0.97

(0.95–0.99)*

–

–

0.98

(0.96–0.999)

–

0.78

(0.77–0.80)

1.08

(1.06–1.11)***

Previous neonatal death or stillbirth

 No

–

REF

REF

REF

–

–

–

 Yes

–

0.88

(0.68–1.13)

0.66

(0.54–0.82)

0.88

(0.71–1.08)

–

–

–

4 or more antenatal care visits

 No

REF

–

–

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Yes

0.82

(0.67–1.01)

–

–

1.16

(0.999–1.35)

1.32

(1.05–1.66)*

0.81

(0.68–0.97)*

1.23

(1.01–1.49)*

Skilled birth attendance

 No

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Yes

0.81

(0.70–0.94)**

1.54

(1.29–1.84)***

1.19

(1.03–1.37)*

1.92

(1.66–2.21)***

1.82

(1.37–2.41)***

1.21

(1.04–1.39)*

1.38

(1.12–1.70)**

2+ CHW visits in final trimester

 No

–

REF

REF

–

REF

–

REF

 Yes

–

1.27

(1.07–1.51)**

1.26

(1.11–1.44)***

–

4.22

(3.46–5.15)***

–

0.88

(0.72–1.06)

Postnatal CHW visit discussing family planning

 No

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

REF

 Yes

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.34

(1.88–2.92)***

  1. Models show adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals), and include intimate partner violence as well as any covariates significant at the p < 0.20 level in bivariate models
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. **p < 0.01
  4. ***p < 0.001
  5. 1Mean (95% confidence interval)
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