Table 3 Tongue movement measurements at tongue up and tongue down (mean ± SD), for all infants and suck cycles. Nipple diameters are measured at 2, 5, 10, and 15 mm from the tip of the nipple and are separated by whether the feed was given with or without a nipple shield. *Nipple diameters are missing at tongue up for one infant; 15 mm location was not measurable on 12 tongue down and 14 tongue up images

N-HSPJ distance (mm)

7.0 ± 2.5

5.3 ± 2.2

4.8 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 1.0

6.5 ± 2.5

4.7 ± 2.3

Intra-oral depth (mm)

0.3 ± 0.5

4.3 ± 1.9

0.2 ± 0.6

3.4 ± 1.2

0.3 ± 0.5^*

4.1 ± 1.8

2 mm

10.0 ± 2.2

11.3 ± 2.1

5.5 ± 1.2

7.9 ± 1.0

9.1 ± 2.8

10.6 ± 2.4

5 mm

11.4 ± 2.2

12.6 ± 2.1

7.3 ± 1.3

9.1 ± 1.4

10.6 ± 2.7

11.9 ± 2.5

10 mm

12.0 ± 2.3

13.0 ± 2.1

8.0 ± 1.4

9.7 ± 1.3

11.2 ± 2.7

12.3 ± 2.4

15 mm

12.8 ± 2.2

13.6 ± 2.1

8.8 ± 1.1

9.8 ± 1.4

12.0 ± 2.6

12.9 ± 2.5