Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior during pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus among Asian women in Singapore

Table 2 Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with fasting glucose levels (mmol/l) during pregnancy in the GUSTO study

Variables	Overall sample					Underweight/Normal weight			Overweight/obese			P for interaction
	n	Unadjusted		Adjusted^a		Adjusted^b			Adjusted^b
	n	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	n	β (95% CI)	P-value	n	β (95% CI)	P-value
Physical activity			0.759		0.806			0.525			0.863	0.933
Insufficiently active	325	Reference		Reference		202	Reference		123	Reference
Sufficiently active	436	0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)	0.822	0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)	0.754	284	0.03 (−0.03, 0.10)	0.321	152	−0.001 (−0.15, 0.15)	0.988
Highly active	160	0.04 (−0.06, 0.13)	0.463	0.03 (−0.06, 0.12)	0.512	99	0.04 (−0.05, 0.13)	0.350	61	0.05 (−0.15, 0.25)	0.631
p for trend			0.492		0.520			0.286			0.681
Total sitting time			0.029		0.074			0.106			0.202	0.457
Low (<7 h/day)	251	Reference		Reference		153	Reference		98	Reference
Medium (7–10 h/day)	265	0.02 (−0.06, 0.11)	0.627	0.04 (−0.04, 0.13)	0.304	160	0.06 (−0.01, 0.14)	0.111	105	0.002 (−0.17, 0.18)	0.980
High (≥10 h/day)	417	−0.07 (−0.15, 0.003)	0.060	−0.04 (−0.12, 0.04)	0.285	277	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)	0.843	140	−0.13 (−0.30, 0.04)	0.144
p for trend			0.035		0.183			0.598			0.119
Television time			0.446		0.367			0.134			0.791	0.399
Low (<3 h/day)	640	Reference		Reference		411	Reference		229	Reference
High (≥3 h/day)	294	0.03 (−0.04, 0.09)		0.03 (−0.04, 0.10)		180	0.05 (−0.02, 0.11)		114	−0.02 (−0.17, 0.13)

β beta-coefficient, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index
A^aAdjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity at recruitment, history of GDM in previous pregnancy, family history of diabetes, dietary energy intake, active/passive smoking during pregnancy and pregnancy weight gain at 26–28 gestational visit
B^bAdjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, education, parity at recruitment, history of GDM in previous pregnancy, family history of diabetes, dietary energy intake, active/passive smoking during pregnancy and pregnancy weight gain at 26–28 gestational visit
p-values were determined by multivariable linear regression

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