Table 1 Characteristics of pregnant women according to GDM in the GUSTO cohort study (n = 1083)
|  | GDM absent n = 882 (81.4%) | GDM present n = 201 (18.6%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean age in years (SD) | 30.3 (5.1) | 32.5 (4.7) | <0.001 |
Ethnicity (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Chinese | 494 (56.0) | 126 (62.7) |  |
 Malay | 245 (27.8) | 31 (15.4) |  |
 Indian | 143 (16.2) | 44 (21.9) |  |
Education (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 No-formal/Primary/Secondary | 279 (31.6) | 46 (22.9) |  |
 GCE ‘A’ levels/polytechnic/Diploma/Technical education | 312 (35.4) | 72 (35.8) |  |
 University | 278 (31.5) | 83 (41.3) |  |
 Missing data | 13 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) |  |
BMI in kg/m2 (n, %) | Â | Â | <0.001 |
  < 18.5 | 105 (11.9) | 16 (7.9) |  |
 18.5–23 | 431 (48.9) | 81 (40.3) |  |
 23.0–27.5 | 179 (20.3) | 54 (26.9) |  |
  ≥ 27.5 | 97 (11.0) | 43 (21.4) |  |
 Missing data | 70 (7.9) | 7 (3.5) |  |
Parity at recruitment (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.128 |
 0 | 407 (46.1) | 85 (42.3) |  |
  ≥ 1 | 463 (52.5) | 116 (57.7) |  |
 Missing data | 12 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) |  |
History of GDM (n, %) | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 834 (94.6) | 181 (90.0) | <0.001 |
 Yes | 18 (2.0) | 18 (9.0) |  |
 Missing data | 30 (3.4) | 2 (1.0) |  |
Family history of diabetes (n, %) | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 603 (68.4) | 133 (66.2) | 0.072 |
 Yes | 253 (28.7) | 67 (33.3) |  |
 Missing data | 26 (2.9) | 1 (0.5) |  |
Dietary energy intake in kcal (Mean, SD) | 1881.3 (604.5) | 1815.2 (520.7) | 0.118 |
 Missing data (n,%) | 6 (0.7) | 2 (1.0) |  |
Active/ passive smoking during pregnancy (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 No | 503 (57.0) | 138 (68.6) |  |
 Yes | 350 (39.7) | 52 (25.9) |  |
 Missing data | 29 (3.3) | 11 (5.5) |  |
Pregnancy weight gain at week 26–28 (Mean, SD) | 8.7 (4.5) | 8.0 (4.4) | 0.061 |
 Missing (n,%) | 79 (9.0) | 7 (3.5) |  |
Physical activity during pregnancy (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.125 |
 Insufficiently active | 289 (32.8) | 78 (38.8) |  |
 Sufficiently active | 415 (47.1) | 95 (47.3) |  |
 Highly active | 167 (18.9) | 25 (12.4) |  |
 Missing data | 11 (1.2) | 3 (1.5) |  |
Total sitting time during pregnancy (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.193 |
 Low (<7 h/day) | 252 (28.6) | 43 (21.4) |  |
 Medium (7–10 h/day) | 239 (27.1) | 62 (30.8) |  |
 High (≥10 h/day) | 389 (44.1) | 95 (47.3) |  |
 Missing data | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) |  |
Total television viewing time (n, %) | Â | Â | 0.066 |
 Low (<3 h/day) | 593 (67.2) | 142 (70.6) |  |
 High (≥3 h/day) | 289 (32.8) | 58 (28.9) |  |
 Missing data | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |  |