Baseline Characteristic | All Participants (N = 741) | Below IOM aGWG (N = 201) | Within IOM aGWG (N = 320) | Above IOM aGWG (N = 220) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) b | N (%) b | N (%) b | N (%) b | P value c | |
Maternal age, years, median (IQR) | 31 (27, 34) | 29 (25, 34) | 32 (28, 35) | 30 (26, 34) | <0.001 |
Caucasian | 318 (82.8) | 91 (82.0) | 134 (84.3) | 93 (81.6) | 0.81 |
Married or common-law | 556 (77.8) | 145 (74.7) | 255 (82.5) | 156 (73.6) | 0.03 |
Post-secondary education or higher | 131 (50.4) | 33 (47.1) | 66 (56.4) | 32 (43.8) | 0.20 |
Neighborhood-level income quintile | 0.36 | ||||
1st quintile | 139 (19.9) | 46 (23.7) | 51 (17.1) | 42 (20.4) | |
2nd quintile | 109 (15.6) | 33 (17.0) | 46 (15.4) | 30 (14.6) | |
3rd quintile | 143 (20.5) | 38 (19.6) | 57 (19.1) | 48 (23.3) | |
4th quintile | 161 (23.0) | 45 (23.2) | 70 (23.4) | 46 (22.3) | |
5th quintile | 147 (21.0) | 32 (16.5) | 75 (25.1) | 40 (19.4) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 25.5 (22.5, 30.3) | 26.0 (22.6, 32.7) | 25.0 (22.1, 29.5) | 25.7 (23.0, 30.1) | 0.07 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI classification | 0.15 | ||||
Normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) | 350 (47.2) | 93 (46.3) | 161 (50.3) | 96 (43.6) | |
Overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2) | 196 (26.5) | 45 (22.4) | 84 (26.3) | 67 (30.5) | |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | 195(26.3) | 63 (31.3) | 75 (23.4) | 57 (25.9) | |
Parity ≥1 | 390 (52.6) | 119 (59.2) | 172 (53.8) | 99 (45.0) | 0.01 |
Previous gestational diabetes d | 15 (2.0) | NA | NA | NA | 0.76 |
Previous gestational hypertension | 29 (3.9) | 8 (4.0) | 14 (4.4) | 7 (3.2) | 0.78 |
Previous Caesarean section | 86 (11.7) | 20 (10.1) | 40 (12.6) | 26 (12.0) | 0.68 |
Previous LBW d | 20 (2.8) | NA | NA | NA | 0.31 |
Previous neonatal death | 7 (1.0) | NA | NA | NA | 0.31 |
Smoking during pregnancy | 68 (10.3) | 30 (17.2) | 23 (7.8) | 15 (7.9) | 0.002 |
Drug use during pregnancy d | 15 (2.0) | NA | NA | NA | 0.64 |
Pre-existing diabetes mellitus d | 9 (1.2) | NA | NA | NA | 0.002 |
Pre-existing hypertension d | 15 (2.0) | NA | NA | NA | 0.32 |
Other physical health problems | 194 (26.2) | 57 (28.4) | 84 (26.3) | 53 (24.1) | 0.61 |
Mental health problems | 69 (9.3) | 17 (8.5) | 29 (9.1) | 23 (10.5) | 0.76 |
Attended prenatal classes | 143 (41.9) | 42 (43.3) | 50 (35.2) | 51 (50.0) | 0.07 |
Twin type | 0.52 | ||||
Monochorionic – diamniotic | 144 (19.4) | 42 (20.9) | 52 (16.3) | 50 (22.7) | |
Dichorionic (dissimilar sexes or blood groups) | 294 (39.7) | 77 (38.3) | 128 (40.0) | 89 (40.5) | |
Dichorionic (similar sexes and blood groups) | 135 (18.2) | 34 (16.9) | 64 (20.0) | 37 (16.8) | |
Dichorionic (similar sexes but blood groups undetermined) | 168 (22.7) | 48 (23.9) | 76 (23.7) | 44 (20.0) | |
Sex of the baby e | 0.40 | ||||
Male | 699 (47.2) | 203 (50.5) | 294 (45.9) | 202 (46.0) | |
Female | 782 (52.8) | 199 (49.5) | 346 (54.1) | 237 (54.0) |